Il Savoia-Marchetti S.M.92 era caccia bimotore bifusoliera ad ala media realizzato dall'azienda italiana Savoia-Marchetti negli anni quaranta e rimasto allo stadio di prototipo.
Destinato ad essere proposto per l'utilizzo da parte della Regia Aeronautica durante la seconda guerra mondiale, a causa delle vicende belliche a seguito della firma dell'armistizio di Cassibile, venne valutato dalla Luftwaffe ma non ebbe un seguito produttivo.
Storia
Sviluppo
Sebbene il precedente S.M.91 si fosse dimostrato completamente soddisfacente nelle prove, i tecnici della Savoia-Marchetti erano all'opera per migliorarne le prestazioni. Poiché non era possibile un incremento della potenza dei motori (il Daimler-Benz DB 603 da 1 550 CV non era ancora disponibile per le industrie italiane) la riduzione di peso sembrava l'unica via possibile.
Mantenendo gli stessi motori dell'S.M.91, l'ala di base ed il disegno della coda, i progettisti abbandonarono la gondola centrale e disposero l'equipaggio nella fusoliera di sinistra, dando all'aereo un aspetto "asimmetrico".
L'armamento era costituito da due cannoncini MG 151/20 da 20 mm installati sul bordo principale della sezione centrale, un terzo sulla semiala sinistra e due mitragliatrici sincronizzate Breda-SAFAT da 12,7 mm sotto ogni motore.
Il ruotino di coda si ritirava in una baccello posto sulla linea centrale dello stabilizzatore orizzontale. Una mitragliatrice Breda-SAFAT da 12,7 millimetri, manovrata a distanza, era montata nella parte posteriore di questo baccello.
Impiego operativo
Il prototipo del velivolo venne testato due mesi dopo l'armistizio di Cassibile, durante il periodo di occupazione tedesca. Portato in volo per la prima volta il 12 novembre 1943 ai comandi del comandante Aldo Moggi e con la presenza a bordo del motorista Carlo Balzarini dal campo di aviazione di Vergiate, recava le insegne della Luftwaffe.
I collaudi proseguirono fino all'anno successivo quando, a causa di un'errata interpretazione del pilota, venne attaccato dal Macchi M.C.205 ANR del tenente Mazzei della Squadriglia complementare d'allarme "Montefusco". Mazzei era decollato con il maresciallo Ennio "Banana" Tarantola dall'aeroporto di Venaria Reale ed avendo notato la configurazione bifusoliera lo aveva scambiato per un Lockheed P-38 Lightning alleato.
I danni conseguiti ai motori costrinsero il pilota ad un atterraggio di fortuna sul campo di Lonate Pozzolo il quale, benché autore di un fuori pista, riuscì a non procurare al velivolo danni tali da impedirne il ripristino. Dopo le necessarie riparazioni riprese le prove di volo nel giugno 1944 accumulando in totale 21 ore.
L'unico esemplare realizzato rimase distrutto, assieme all'S.M.91, durante l'azione di bombardamento USAAF del 27 dicembre 1944 che interessarono l'abitato di Vergiate e gli stabilimenti Savoia-Marchetti.
Utilizzatori
Germania - Luftwaffe.
ENGLISH
The Savoia-Marchetti S.M.92 was a medium-wing twin-engined twin-engine fighter built by the Italian company Savoia-Marchetti in the 1940s and remained at the prototype stage.
Destined to be proposed for use by the Regia Aeronautica during the Second World War, due to the war events following the signing of the Cassibile armistice, it was evaluated by the Luftwaffe but had no productive follow-up.
History
Development
Although the previous S.M.91 had proved completely satisfactory in the tests, the Savoia-Marchetti technicians were working to improve its performance. Since an increase in engine power was not possible (the 1 550 hp Daimler-Benz DB 603 was not yet available to Italian industries) weight reduction seemed the only possible way.
Keeping the same engines as the S.M.91, the base wing and tail design, the designers abandoned the central gondola and placed the crew in the left fuselage, giving the aircraft an "asymmetrical" appearance.
The armament consisted of two 20 mm MG 151/20 guns installed on the main edge of the central section, a third on the left wing and two synchronized Breda-SAFAT machine guns of 12.7 mm under each engine.
The tail wheel retreated into a pod located on the centerline of the horizontal stabilizer. A 12.7mm Breda-SAFAT machine gun, remotely operated, was mounted at the rear of this pod.
Operational use
The prototype of the aircraft was tested two months after the Cassibile armistice, during the German occupation. Brought into flight for the first time on November 12, 1943 at the controls of Commander Aldo Moggi and with the presence on board of the motorist Carlo Balzarini from the airfield of Vergiate, it bore the insignia of the Luftwaffe.
The tests continued until the following year when, due to a misinterpretation of the pilot, he was attacked by the Macchi M.C.205 ANR of Lieutenant Mazzei of the complementary alarm squadron "Montefusco". Mazzei had taken off with Marshal Ennio "Banana" Tarantula from Venaria Reale airport and having noticed the bifurcated configuration had mistaken him for an allied Lockheed P-38 Lightning.
The damage to the engines forced the pilot to make an emergency landing on the Lonate Pozzolo field which, although he had made an off-run, he managed not to cause such damage to the aircraft that it could not be restored. After the necessary repairs, he resumed flight tests in June 1944, accumulating a total of 21 hours.
The only specimen realized remained destroyed, together with the S.M.91, during the USAAF bombardment action on December 27, 1944 that involved the town of Vergiate and the Savoy-Marchetti factories.
SubSea Craft ha rivelato la classe “Victa”, una rivoluzionaria unità SDV trasporto incursori.
SubSea Craft, una società di tecnologia marittima avanzata, ha rivelato tutti i dettagli della sua VICTA Class Diver Delivery Unit (DDU).
Questa imbarcazione rivoluzionaria combina la velocità, la portata e la capacità di una Long-Range Insertion Craft (LRIC) con la furtività e la versatilità di un Swimmer Delivery Vehicle (SDV).
Specificamente progettato intorno all'operatore, la sua velocità di 30 kt+, la sua resistenza di 250 nm e la transizione di 2 minuti tra superficie e sub, permette di trasportare 8 operatori e le loro attrezzature verso l’obiettivo 'mission-ready' prima di recuperarli. Offrendo una progettazione e una produzione all'avanguardia e fornendo una flessibilità operativa davvero formidabile, VICTA apre a scelte tattiche e strategiche potenzialmente mutevoli nelle operazioni marittime, congiunte e speciali.
Facilmente trasportabile verso e all'interno di un teatro operativo e interoperabile con gli impianti di risalita più comunemente utilizzati, VICTA è progettato per operare indipendentemente dalle costose piattaforme strategiche, in particolare dalle navi di superficie e dai porti di opportunità. La sua compatibilità con un container standard ISO significa che può essere facilmente e discretamente spostato in un'area operativa, mentre, allo stesso modo, può essere sollevato all'interno della baia di carico dei trasporti aerei standard, più tipicamente, il Lockheed C130 Hercules, o da un sottomarino, da elicotteri per il sollevamento di carichi pesanti, tipicamente il Boeing CH-47 Chinook.
La propulsione è fornita da un motore diesel Seatek da 725 CV che alimenta pump-jet Kongsberg Kamewa. I propulsori elettrici Twin Marine Propulsion da 20 kW spingono l'imbarcazione, mentre quattro propulsori Copenhagen montati verticalmente forniscono un accurato controllo di profondità a bassa velocità.
L'imbarcazione è completamente cablata, con controllo del rollio e del beccheggio attraverso le alette di prua e di poppa, mentre il controllo in entrambe le dimensioni è esercitato attraverso le stesse colonne di governo, dando al pilota un'interfaccia comune sia per il funzionamento sopra e sotto la superficie marina.
Il VICTA aggiunge una nuova dimensione unica alle operazioni marittime. Per la prima volta, le organizzazioni della difesa e della sicurezza possono dispiegare un'imbarcazione che viaggia a velocità su distanze notevoli in superficie, prima di immergersi per avvicinarsi al loro obiettivo senza essere visti. VICTA trasformerà le capacità in ambienti ad alto rischio.
ENGLISH
SubSea Craft reveal the Victa Class – A revolutionary Diver Delivery Unit
SubSea Craft, an advanced maritime technology company, has revealed the full details of its VICTA Class Diver Delivery Unit (DDU) at Defence and Security Equipment International (DSEI).
This revolutionary craft combines the speed, range and capacity of a Long-Range Insertion Craft (LRIC) with the stealth and versatility of a Swimmer Delivery Vehicle (SDV).
Specifically designed around the operator, its 30 kt+ speed, 250 nm endurance and 2-minute transition between surface and sub-surface, enables delivery of 8 operators and their equipment to their objective ‘mission-ready’ before recovering them. Offering leading-edge design and manufacture and providing truly formidable operational flexibility, VICTA opens up potentially game-changing tactical and strategic choices in maritime, joint and special operations.
Easily transportable to and within an operational theatre, and inter-operable with the most commonly employed lift assets, VICTA is designed to operate independently of costly strategic platforms particularly, from surface vessels and ports of opportunity. Its compatibility with a standard ISO shipping container means it can easily and discreetly be moved to an area of operation whilst, equally, it can be lifted within the cargo bay of standard air-transports, most typically, the Lockheed C130 Hercules, or underslung from heavy-lift helicopters, typically the Boeing CH-47 Chinook.
Propulsion is provided by a 725 hp Seatek diesel engine powering Kongsberg Kamewa waterjets. Twin Marine Propulsion 20 kW electric thrusters propel the craft sub-surface while four vertically-mounted Copenhagen thrusters provide accurate slow-speed depth control.
The craft is fully fly-by-wire and will be ‘flown’ under water, with roll and pitch control through forward and aft hydroplanes while control in both dimensions is exercised through the same purpose-built steering columns, giving the pilot a common interface for both surfaced and sub-surface running.
Graham Allen, Chairman, SubSea Craft, says: “VICTA adds a unique new dimension to maritime operations. For the first time, defence and security organisations can deploy a craft that travels at speed over remarkable distances on the surface, before diving to approach their objective unseen. VICTA will transform capabilities in high-risk environments.”
Progetto 865 Piranha (in russo: Проект 865 «Пиранья») è un sottomarino “midget” russo (precedentemente sovietico). Il nome di riferimento NATO per la classe è Losos, che significa "salmone " in lingua russa.
Sottomarino di classe Losos - Panoramica della classe:
Dislocamento: 218 tonn. in emersione, 390 in immersione;
Lunghezza: 28,2 m (92 piedi 6 pollici)
Larghezza: 4,8 m (15 piedi 9 pollici)
Profondità: Operativa: 240 m (787 ft 5 in) - Massima: 300 m (984 ft 3 in)
Potenza installata: Diesel-elettrico
Propulsione: diesel elettrico, 2 diesel - 160 kW (210 CV); motore di propulsione - 60 kW (80 CV)
Velocità: 6,65 nodi (12,32 km / h; 7,65 mph) (immersione) - 6,43 nodi (11,91 km / h; 7,40 mph) (emerso)
Autonomia: 10 giorni
Profondità di prova: 200 m (660 piedi)
Equipaggio: 9 uomini;
Guerra elettronica: Radar e sonar attivi / passivi
Armamento: 2 dispositivi per la posa in miniera o 2 siluri.
La classe Losos è stata progettata per operazioni speciali e per attaccare navi di superficie situate al largo, ed è quindi molto resistente e silenziosa.
Lo scafo è realizzato in lega di titanio, che aiuta nella gestione della firma perché non è magnetico. La lega non magnetica ridurrebbe notevolmente l'efficacia dei rivelatori di anomalie magnetiche nemiche o delle mine magnetiche.
Furono costruiti solo due sottomarini classe Losos: la MS-520 e MS-521. La pianificazione originale prevedeva la costruzione di un totale di 12 sottomarini del Progetto 865 Piranha; questo alla fine fu ridotto a 6, quindi solo due unità. Furono varate rispettivamente nel 1986 e nel 1990; attualmente risulterebbero in riserva.
ENGLISH
Losos-class submarine
Project 865 Piranha (Russian: Проект 865 «Пиранья») is a type of Russian (formerly Soviet) midget submarine. The NATO reporting name for the class is Losos, which means "salmon" in the Russian language.
The Losos class was designed for special operations and engaging surface ships located offshore, and is thus very durable and almost completely silent.
The hull is made of a titanium alloy, which helps with signature management because it is not magnetic. The non-magnetic alloy would greatly reduce the effectiveness of enemy magnetic anomaly detectors or magnetic limpet mines against this type of vessel.
Only two Losos-class submarines were built: MS-520 and MS-521. Original planning called for a total of 12 Project 865 Piranha submarines to be constructed; this was eventually reduced to 6, then just the two. Launched in 1986 and 1990, respectively, they are in reserve but are expected to soon be discarded.
L'Eurocopter Tiger è un elicottero d'attacco costruito dal gruppo franco-tedesco Eurocopter. In Francia e Spagna è conosciuto col nome di Tigre. La progettazione di questo elicottero che doveva entrare in servizio in Francia e Germania venne affidata all'Aérospatiale e alla MBB ed iniziò nel 1989. Il primo prototipo volò nel 1991. Nel 2002 è iniziata la produzione di serie, che ha portato alla fornitura dell'elicottero agli eserciti dei due paesi nel 2003.
Sviluppo
Lo sviluppo del Eurocopter Tiger risale ancora al 1984 quando su richiesta del governo federale tedesco e del governo francese la ditta Aérospatiale in cooperazione con la ditta tedesca MBB avviò un primo studio per la realizzazione di un elicottero d'attacco di fabbricazione europea. Fermato per un anno dal 1986 al 1987 a causa dei elevati costi di produzione, nel novembre del 1989 il progetto riprese quota quando i due governi ordinarono la fabbricazione di 5 prototipi per una valutazione.
L'elicottero che originariamente doveva essere un cacciacarri fu modificato dopo la fine della Guerra fredda in un apparecchio più idoneo a svolgere un largo numero di missioni. La versione tedesca del velivolo anticarro (PAH 2) fu quindi rielaborata e divenne la versione multiruolo (UHT).
La produzione di serie del velivolo iniziò nel 2002 e nel 2003 si alzò in volo per la prima volta la versione HAP francese; lo stesso anno iniziarono le consegne dei primi 80 apparecchi ordinati dalla Francia. Sempre nel 2003 furono consegnati anche i primi elicotteri per la scuola di volo di Le Luc gestita della Bundeswehr e dall'esercito francese. In Germania il Tiger sostituisce l'ormai obsoleto PAH-1.
Nonostante le aspettative dei produttori, il Tiger non riuscì ad imporsi contro l'AH-64 Apache, che si aggiudicò la fornitura di 67 apparecchi per l'esercito britannico. Ciò nonostante l'Eurocopter Tiger si poté riscattare di seguito con la fornitura di 22 apparecchi per l'esercito australiano in versione di ricognizione (ARH).
Nel 2003 anche la Spagna scelse una versione HAD del Tiger come elicottero da combattimento. I 24 velivoli ordinati saranno dotati di motori MTR-390 e verranno armati con missili Mistral per la difesa aerea e con missili Trigat (in seguito sostituiti dagli Spike ER) per attaccare i veicoli corazzati, nonché da razzi da 68/70mm. La prima consegna per la Spagna è prevista nel 2010.
Versioni per l’esportazione
Nel dicembre 2001 la Eurocopter si è aggiudicata il contratto per la fornitura di 22 elicotteri in versione Tiger ARH (Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter) a fronte del requisito "Air 87 Requirement" emesso dall'Esercito Australiano, con inizio delle consegne nel 2004. Parte delle attività di assemblaggio e produzione verranno svolte in Australia.
Analogamente a quanto è avvenuto per gli elicotteri ordinati anche i 24 elicotteri ordinati dalla Spagna verranno prodotti parzialmente con la cooperazione dell'industria aeronautica locale che fornirà alcune delle componenti per questo elicottero. L'inizio dei lavori è previsto per la fine del 2007 con la consegna di un primo modello pre-serie nel 2008. La Francia ha deciso di aggiornare la maggior parte dei propri Tiger dalla versione HAP alla HAD e, di conseguenza, la versione HAC non sarà costruita.
Nel giugno 2006, l'esercito spagnolo ha scelto di sostituire il sistema missilistico Trigat con il Rafael Spike ER per i propri modelli HAD.
Nel luglio 2006, il governo della Arabia Saudita ha firmato un contratto per l'acquisto di 142 elicotteri, tra cui 12 elicotteri d'attacco Tiger.
Utilizzatori
Australia - Australian Army - 22 versione ARH ricevuti e tutti in servizio all'aprile 2019.
Francia - Armée de terre - 40 versione HAD e 40 HAP
Germania - Deutsches Heer - 68 versione UHT ricevuti tra il 2005 e il luglio 2018.
Spagna - Fuerzas Aeromóviles del Ejército de Tierra - 18 versione HAD e 6 HAP ordinati e tutti consegnati al maggio 2018.
ENGLISH
The Eurocopter (now Airbus Helicopters) Tiger is a four-bladed, twin-engined attack helicopter which first entered service in 2003. It is manufactured by Eurocopter (now Airbus Helicopters), the successor company to Aérospatiale's and DASA's respective helicopter divisions, which designate it as the EC665. Following their languages, in Germany it is known as the Tiger; in France and Spain it is called the Tigre.
Development of the Tiger started during the Cold War, and it was initially intended as an anti-tank helicopter platform to be used against a Soviet ground invasion of Western Europe. During its prolonged development period the Soviet Union collapsed, but France and Germany chose to proceed with the Tiger, developing it instead as a multirole attack helicopter. It achieved operational readiness in 2008.
The Tiger has the distinction of being the first all-composite helicopter developed in Europe; even the earliest models also incorporate other advanced features such as a glass cockpit, stealth technology, and high agility to increase its survivability. Improved variants have since entered service, outfitted with more powerful engines and compatible with a wider range of weapons. Since the type's introduction to service, Tigers have been used in combat in Afghanistan, Libya, and Mali.
Development
Origins and early development
In 1984, the French and West German governments issued a requirement for an advanced multirole battlefield helicopter. A joint venture consisting of Aérospatiale and MBB was subsequently chosen as the preferred supplier. In 1986, the development programme was effectively cancelled due to spiralling costs; it had been officially calculated that supplying the German forces with an equivalent number of US-produced McDonnell Douglas AH-64 Apache attack helicopters would have been a considerably cheaper alternative to proceeding with development of the Tiger. According to statements by the French Defence Minister André Giraud in April 1986, the collaborative effort had become more expensive than an individual national programme and was also forecast to take longer to complete. In July 1986, a government report into the project alleged that development had become distanced from the requirements and preferences of its military customers.
France and Germany reorganised the programme, including steps such the adoption of fixed term contracts which placed greater financial risk upon the private firms involved. Thomson CSF also took over the majority of the Tiger's electronic development work, such as the visual systems and sensors. Despite the early development problems and the political uncertainty between 1984 and 1986, the program was formally relaunched in November 1987; it was at this point that a greater emphasis on the attack helicopter's anti-tank capabilities came about. Much of the project's organisational framework was rapidly redeveloped between 1987 and 1989; such as the installation of a Franco-German Helicopter Office to act as a program executive agency in May 1989.
In November 1989, Eurocopter signed an agreement that financially secured the majority of the helicopter's development through to serial production, including arrangements for two assembly lines to be built at Aerospatiale's Marignane plant and MBB's Donauwörth facility. This same arrangement also included the manufacture of five Tiger prototypes. Three were to operate as unarmed testbeds and the other two as armed combat prototypes with one for the French escort helicopter variant and the other for the German anti-tank variant. The first prototype took the Tiger's maiden flight on 27 April 1991 that lasted for 30 minutes.
Due to the end of the Cold War and subsequent defence budgets decreases in the 1990s, financial pressures led to further questions regarding the necessity for the entire program; in 1992 there was speculation that the German Defence Ministry might not continue with the project due to the requirement to make fiscal cutbacks. However, Germany was also increasingly keen for the Tiger to perform a wider assortment of missions; beyond being an excellent anti-tank platform, the specifications for the German platform were modified to include armed battlefield reconnaissance, close air support of ground troops, and escorting other helicopters.
In 1992, Aérospatiale and MBB, among other companies, merged to form the Eurocopter Group; this led to considerable consolidation of the aerospace industry and the Tiger project itself. A major agreement was struck in December 1996 between France and Germany that cemented the Tiger's prospects and committed the development of supporting elements, such as a series of new generation missile designs for use by the new helicopter. National political issues continued to affect the prospects of the Tiger however. A proposed sale of up to 145 Tigers to Turkey proved a source of controversy; Turkey selected the Tiger as the preferred option, but conflicting attitudes between Eurocopter, France, and Germany in regards to military exports led to Turkey withdrawing its interest.
On 18 June 1999, Germany and France publicly placed orders for an initial batch of 160 Tiger helicopters, 80 for each nation, valued at €3.3 billion.[12] On 22 March 2002, the first production Tiger was rolled out in a large ceremony held at Eurocopter's Donauwörth factory; although production models began initial acceptance trials in 2003, the first official delivery to the French Army took place on 18 March 2005; the first official Tiger delivery to Germany followed on 6 April 2005. Germany reduced its order to 57 in March 2013. In 2008 OCCAR estimated the project cost at €7,300,000,000. France's FY2013 budget put their share of the project at €6.4bn (~US$8.7bn), implying a programme cost of €14.7bn (~US$20.1bn) to the three main partners. The 2013 French White Paper changed the mix to 60 HAP and 20 of the more expensive HAD; at FY2013 prices, their HAP cost €27.4m/unit (~US$37m) and their HAD €36.1m/unit (~US$49m), including development costs the French Tigers cost €80m (~US$109m) each. In December 2015, France placed an additional order for 7 HAD helicopters, with the plan to upgrade the entire fleet to the HAD standard by 2025 for a total of 67 helicopters.
Exports
During the 1990s, export prospects for the Tiger had been invigorated by two large bids for orders from Britain and the Netherlands. Discreet talks between Britain and France regarding an association with the Tiger had been continuing since the late 1980s and, although Britain had initially dismissed industrial participation in the project, it was known by the mid 1990s that Britain was prepared to purchase modern attack helicopters from abroad. Eurocopter's management were keen to press production of the Tiger into action as soon as possible, as uncertainty over the date at which production, and therefore availability, would start was viewed as negatively impacting potential export deals. In both the Netherlands and Britain, a considerable amount of lobbying pressure was applied in the hopes of the Tiger's selection. However, neither country would order the Tiger.
On 21 December 2001, Eurocopter was awarded the contract to meet the Australian Army's "AIR 87 requirement" for 22 Tiger helicopters of the ARH (Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter) version. Modifications from the standard Tiger included new communications and avionics systems, as well as compatibility with Australian safety requirements. Per the contract's terms, 18 of the 22 aircraft were assembled at Australian Aerospace's Brisbane facility, a subsidiary of Eurocopter. On 1 July 2007, because of delays in attaining operational capability, Australia's Defence Materiel Organisation stopped all payments in regards to the procurement. According to Australia's Department of Defense, by 2008 the main issues had been addressed and payments resumed accordingly. In October 2010, it was revealed that the helicopters will not be fully operational for another two years. In December 2011, the final Tiger ARH was delivered to the Australian Army. In August 2019, Australia announced LAND 4503, the Tiger ARH replacement program.
In September 2003, Spain selected a variant of the Tiger HAP combat support helicopter – the Tiger HAD – for its army. The 24 helicopters of this type would be armed with the PARS 3 LR and Mistral missile systems, and feature uprated Enhanced MTR390 engines capable of lifting heavier payloads. Deliveries of the HAD variant began in 2007. The September 2003 arrangements not only involved a procurement deal but the induction of Spain into the Tiger program itself, leading to the greater integration of parts of Spain's aeronautics industry with the new multinational Eurocopter organisation. Shortly following Spain's order, France chose to not proceed with the pure anti-tank Tiger HAC variant, instead electing to procure the multirole-oriented Tiger HAD being procured by Spain.
In July 2006, the Saudi government signed a €6.9 billion contract for the sale of 142 helicopters, including 12 Tiger attack helicopters. However, in late 2007, the deal was cancelled for unknown reasons.
In May 2007, in response to an issued tender for 22 attack helicopters for the Indian Air Force, the Tiger was entered into a competition against multiple Russian and American helicopters. In late 2009, it was reported that the Tiger would not be able to participate in the Indian field trials as it was to undergo upgrades. In 2011, several Tigers participated in firing trials of the PARS 3 LR missile as part of a sales effort targeted at the Indian armed forces.
In 2012, the Tiger competed for a 1.8 trillion contract to provide up to 20 attack helicopters for South Korea, along with the Boeing AH-64 Apache and the TAI/AgustaWestland T-129; South Korea selected the AH-64 in April 2013. In January 2013, Eurocopter was reportedly in active discussions over potential Tiger procurements with Brazil, Malaysia, and Qatar. As of December 2015, the Tiger was reportedly contending for a Polish requirement for a new attack helicopter as a replacement for the Mil Mi-24 fleet.
Design
Overview
The Tiger is capable of undertaking a wide range of combat missions, including armed reconnaissance and surveillance, anti-tank and close air support, escort and protection of friendly assets; and can operate during day or night in all-weather conditions, and has been designed to include operations in the aftermath of nuclear, biological, or chemical warfare. The Tiger can also be used in the maritime environment, able to operate from the decks of ships including frigates and during extreme weather conditions. Amongst the Tiger's notable qualities, it possesses very high levels of agility, much of which is attributed to the design of its 13-meter four-bladed hingeless main rotor; the Tiger can perform full loops and negative g manoeuvres. Power is provided by a pair of FADEC-controlled MTU Turbomeca Rolls-Royce MTR390 turboshaft engines.
The Tiger has a tandem-seat 'glass cockpit' and is operated by a two-man crew; the pilot is placed in the forward position, with the gunner seated behind. Either of the crew members can manage the weapon systems or the primary flight controls, switching roles if necessitated; in addition to flying the aircraft, the Tiger's pilot would typically be in control of the self-defence systems and communications, as well as some secondary weapons functions. While some of the weapons use dedicated control interfaces, such as the anti-tank Trigat missile, air-to-air weapons can be managed via controls on both sets of collective and cyclic sticks.
Crew new to the Tiger have to undergo substantial retraining due to the differences from older platforms, particularly in higher workload management and the additional capabilities afforded by the type; one major change from preceding attack helicopters is a far greater degree of operational autonomy. According to Andrew Warner, chief test pilot during the Tiger's development, it is "the easiest-handling aircraft I have ever flown".
The system cost (helicopter, armament, support) and unit cost varies between variants; Australia's Tiger ARH has a price per unit of A$68 million, the latest Tiger HAD variant is estimated to cost US$44–48 million.
Survivability
The protection systems employed on the Tiger includes stealth; aspects such as the visual, radar, infra red and acoustic signatures have been minimised to better evade threats that may be present upon the battlefield. According to Andrew Warner, the Tiger's survivability "relies on stealth and agility". The use of composite materials on the airframe has resulted in reductions in radar cross-section (RCS), infra red and acoustic signatures to improve battlefield survivability. The fuselage is armoured and was developed to withstand small arms fire and 23 mm (0.91 in) cannon rounds. The helicopter has various radar/laser warning and missile approach detection systems, including EADS's AN/AAR-60 MILDS (Missile Launch Detection System), as well as flares and chaff dispensers.
The Tiger is the first all-composite helicopter developed in Europe. The fuselage of the Tiger is made from 80% carbon fibre reinforced polymer and kevlar, 11% aluminium, and 6% titanium. The entire tail section is made of composites, including the single section tail boom. The rotors are composed of a fibre plastic composite material able to withstand combat damage and bird strikes. The structure of the Tiger also incorporates protection against lightning strikes and electromagnetic pulses via an embedded copper/bronze grid and copper bonding foil.
The design of the Tiger includes a high degree of crash worthiness; many of the onboard systems have redundancies and are segregated to minimise the effect of damage. Components of the propulsion system, such as the rotors and drive shaft, were deliberately designed for greater ballistic tolerance than traditional designs; the gearbox is rated for a 60-minute dry run capability if lubrication is lost. Fuel is contained in two main internal fuel tanks, and an additional two smaller tanks are housed inside the stub wings. Fuel tanks have self-sealing capability to decrease the vulnerability. In the inhospitable conditions of the Afghanistan theatre, the Tiger had a reported operational availability of 90%.
Avionics and armaments
Amongst the key avionics features of the aircraft are the EUROGRID battlefield management and map display systems, integrated communications (HF/VHM/FM radio and satellite) and data transfer links, a high-authority digital automatic flight control system, and redundant MIL 1553 data buses. Two redundant mission computers control the weapons, sensors, and targeting functions. The Tiger's navigational suite includes GPS, dual redundant inertial referencing, Doppler radar, separated air data units, radio altimeter and distributed air speed sensors. A dedicated nose-mounted forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensor is used by the pilot for night time flying.
Each crew member has a pair of multifunction liquid crystal data displays at their control station, typically used to display internal systems information and sensory data, and to interact with the aircraft's higher systems. An additional display system is available to both crew in the form of the helmet-mounted display (HMD). The HMD is used by the flying pilot to display basic flight data with digitally enhanced optics, such as night vision or infrared imagery from the sensors, superimposed against; the gunner can use the HMD to interact with and control onboard weapon systems and view targeting data.
Perhaps the most significant single avionics system fitted upon the Tiger is the mast-mounted Osiris sight/sensor; this incorporates optical TV and thermal cameras, a laser range finder/tracker/designator, and multiple gyroscopes for stabilisation. Osiris performs as the main sensor for target observation and acquisition, providing firing and targeting data via the weapons computer; Osiris also enables entirely passive target acquisition to be undertaken and was developed to maximise the capabilities of the Trigat anti-tank missile developed in parallel to the Tiger itself. An alternative optical system to Osiris is mounted on the aircraft's roof upon some variants.
The Tiger can be fitted with various armaments including rockets, cannons, and a range of air-to-air and air-to-surface missiles, controlled via a dedicated weapons control computer. Munitions for anti-ground warfare include the nose-mounted 30mm Nexter turret; an assortment of external gun pods, anti-tank missiles, and up to four launchers for 70mm and 68mm rockets can be mounted on the Tiger's stub wings. When deploying missiles such as the Mistral, the Tiger is capable of taking advantage of the munition's off-boresight capabilities. A guided 70mm rocket will be developed for the Tiger based on the Roketsan Cirit.
Operational history
In December 2008, final qualification of the HAP and UHT variants of the Tiger was completed, marking the platform's readiness for operational duties overseas. In May 2009, the Tiger participated in readiness trials off the coast of Toulon to clear the type for active shipboard deployments. By November 2009, nearly 50 Tigers had been delivered to customers and the worldwide fleet had accumulated more than 13,000 flight hours.
In July 2009, three French Tiger HAP helicopters of the 5th Helicopter Regiment arrived at Kabul International Airport in Afghanistan, marking the first active deployment of the Tiger into an active combat zone. The helicopters performed armed reconnaissance and fire support missions, acting in support of coalition ground troops fighting a Taliban insurgency. The Tigers had their operational certification in Afghanistan in early August 2009; one French officer described the Tiger's role in the theatre as "find, attack, suppress, seize, raid, and support". By July 2010, it was reported that the Tiger detachment had totalled 1,000 operational hours in Afghanistan. On 4 February 2011, a French Tiger crashed during a night time operation about 30 miles east of Kabul and both crew members suffered light injuries.
In August 2009, the German magazine Der Spiegel reported that the ten operational Tigers in the German Army were only suitable for pilot training, while others had not been accepted due to defects. In May 2010, Germany suspended deliveries over "serious defects particularly with wiring"; in response Eurocopter stated that "Corrective measures related to wiring problems have been developed, agreed by the customer and are being implemented", and that two corrected helicopters would soon be handed over to the German military.
During the 2011 military intervention in Libya, France deployed the French ship Tonnerre amphibious assault helicopter carrier, carrying a number of Tiger attack helicopters aboard, to the Libyan coast to conduct military operations upon military targets within Libya. On 4 June 2011, French Tigers, alongside British Army Apache helicopters, began combat operations in Libya.
During December 2012, a total of four German Tiger UHTs were deployed to Afghanistan. The UHTs operated from Mazar-i-Sharif Air Base inside Afghanistan performing reconnaissance, ground support, and convoy protection duties. All Tigers deployed to the zone had previously undergone upgrades under the ASGARD programme; the modifications include the addition of new defensive systems, sand filters for the MTR390 engines, and enhancements to the communications suite. The German Army received the last of the ASGARD-upgraded Tigers in March 2014. In March 2013, Spain also deployed three Tiger HADs to the region to operate in support of Spanish ground forces. From 30 January 2013 to 30 June 2014, German Tigers in Afghanistan flew 1,860 hours over 260 missions supporting NATO ground troops, Afghan security forces, and humanitarian relief operations after floods. None of Germany's four deployed Tigers fired a shot in combat, which the Bundeswehr attributed to the helicopter's psychological impact through shows of force being sufficient to counter threats.
In January 2013, as part of France's intervention in the Northern Mali conflict, a small number of Tigers have been deployed for combat operations in the theatre. Reportedly, early production Tiger HADs, known as Block 1, were deployed to the theater in November 2014 after having been deemed combat capable. In March 2017, two German Tigers were deployed to Mali in support of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali, relieving AH-64 Apaches of the Royal Netherlands Air Force, with two more Tigers due to join them. On 26 July 2017, one of two German Tigers on the way to a support mission for UN troops crashed in the desert 70 km north of Gao for unknown reasons. Both pilots were killed in the crash.
Variants
Germany
UH Tiger
The UHT (from Unterstützungshubschrauber Tiger German for "Support Helicopter Tiger") is a medium-weight multi-role fire support helicopter built for the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces). Under an agreement between the German government and Eurocopter made in March 2013, a total of 51 Tiger UHs will remain in service. The UHT can carry PARS 3 LR "fire and forget" and/or HOT3 anti-tank missiles as well as 70 mm (2.8 in) Hydra 70 air-to-ground fire support rockets from Belgium manufacturer Forges de Zeebrugge. Four AIM-92 Stinger missiles (two on each side) are mounted for air-to-air combat. Unlike the HAP/HCP version it has no integrated gun turret, but a 12.7 mm (0.50 in) gunpod can be fitted if needed. The weapon configuration was designed to be multirole and easily convertible to cover the whole spectrum of possible mission scenarios and to be effective against a broad range of targets. Another difference is the use of a mast-mounted sight, which has second-generation infrared and CCD TV cameras (range 18 km).
France
Tiger HAP
The Tiger HAP/HCP (Hélicoptère d'Appui Protection, French for "Support and Escort Helicopter" / Hélicoptère de Combat Polyvalent French for "Multipurpose Combat Helicopter") is a medium-weight air-to-air combat and fire support helicopter built for the French Army. It is fitted with a chin-mounted GIAT 30 mm gun turret and can carry 68 mm SNEB unguided rockets or 20 mm machine cannons for the fire support role as well as Mistral air-to-air missiles. France's 40 HAP were delivered by 2012 at a cost of €27m/unit (~US$36m) in 2012 prices. In December 2015, France decided to upgrade its entire existing Tiger fleet to the HAD standard by 2025.
Tiger HAD
The Tiger HAD (Hélicoptère d'Appui Destruction, in French or Helicoptero de Apoyo y Destrucción in Spanish for "Support and Destruction Helicopter") version is essentially identical to the HAP version but better suited for operations in hot environments, with 14% more engine power available due to the upgraded Enhanced MTR390 engines (1,092 kW / 1,464 shp during normal operation; 1,322 kW / 1,774 shp in contingency power mode), maximum take-off weight is increased to 6,600 kg, communication suite is expanded with Up Link and Down Link satellite antenna and a better ballistic protection, as a result of the specific requests made by the Spanish Army. It is equipped with the Hellfire II and the Spike ER anti-armour missiles. It is suited for an attack, escort, ground fire support, armed reconnaissance, air-to-air combat roles.
It was selected by the Spanish Army and the French Army Light Aviation (ALAT) decided to upgrade most of their HAP helicopters to the HAD variant. In December 2004, Spain ordered 24 of the HAD variant and France ordered 40 HADs. France's 40 HAD will cost €35.6m/unit (~US$48m) in 2012 prices.
Upgrades
In January 2016, it was announced that France was working with Australia, Germany, and Spain to define a proposed further upgrade to its Tiger fleet, referred to as Tiger Mk3 upgrade. A key aspect of this upgrade, being scheduled to take place around 2023, is to be the adoption of a common anti-tank missile, as well as further improvements to the communication system.
In the 2018-2019 time frame the French Army will be further upgrading its Tiger fleet with upgraded avionics and communications systems, and laser-guided rockets, the Tiger Mk2 upgrade.
Australia
Tiger ARH
The Tiger ARH (Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter) is the version ordered by the Australian Army to replace its OH-58 Kiowas and UH-1 Iroquois-based 'Bushranger' gunships. The Tiger ARH is a modified and upgraded version of the Tiger HAP with upgraded MTR390 engines as well as a laser designator incorporated in the Strix sight for the firing of Hellfire II air-to-ground missiles. Instead of SNEB unguided rockets, the ARH will use 70 mm (2.75 in) rockets from Belgian developer, Forges de Zeebrugge (FZ). Twenty-two of the variant were ordered in December 2001. Most of the helicopters will be operated by the 1st Aviation Regiment based at Robertson Barracks in Darwin. The helicopter was shipped to Australia in part form and locally assembled at Brisbane Airport by Australia Aerospace.
The first two ARH helicopters were delivered to Australia on 15 December 2004. ARH deliveries were to be completed by June 2010 with Full operating capability planned for December 2011.
In 2012 after three incidents with cockpit fumes that endangered aircrew, pilots voted to not fly until all safety concerns were addressed.
In August 2014, the Australian Defence Force and BAE Systems Australia successfully trialled the Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System laser guidance kit for use with the ARH's 70mm FZ unguided rockets.
The 2016 Australian Defence White Paper stated that the Tiger helicopters will be replaced with other armed reconnaissance aircraft in the mid 2020s. Issues cited include lack of commonality with the other Tiger variants, high maintenance cost of the engines and the shipping time of sending parts to Europe for repair and reconditioning.
The Australian Army's Tiger ARHs reached their final operating capability on 18 April 2016. In April 2019, the Australian Army renewed Airbus Helicopters maintenance contract for another 5 years running through to 2025.
In July 2019, Australia's Capability, Acquisition and Sustainment Group (CASG) issued a request for information to replace their Tiger helicopters. This request surprised many experts, as the issues mentioned in the 2016 White Paper appeared to have been mostly resolved. The aim is to procure a “proven and mature, manned, off-the-shelf armed helicopter” that can also operate from Australia's growing fleet of helicopter-capable landing ships. The RFI's deadlines are very strict: Initial Operational Capability should be attained by 2026 and all 29 aircraft and training system should be delivered by 2029 at the latest.
