Fratello minore dell'SA-2, l'S-125 (nome in codice NATO: SA-3 Goa) era un'arma più piccola, simile all'Hawk e dotata di maggiore agilità, ma ancora con lo stesso sistema di guida, assai vulnerabile alle ECM. Non ha avuto lo stesso successo di fama del predecessore, ma si tratta di un missile di tutto rispetto, capace anche di essere usato contro obiettivi al suolo (eventualità rara, visto che è un sistema difensivo strategico). Sviluppato a metà degli anni '50 per accompagnare i SA-1 e i SA-2, entrò in produzione nel 1959. Poteva essere lanciato da una rampa binata mobile o da una rampa quadrinata fissa. Il SA-3 fu largamente distribuito ai paesi del Patto di Varsavia. Modificato dal colonnello jugoslavo Zoltán Dani, nel 1999 (durante la Guerra del Kosovo) è stato capace di distruggere un imprendibile F-117.
Volna
Il missile SA-N-1 è la versione navale del missile, sviluppata alla fine degli anni cinquanta e a partire dal 1962 equipaggiò le unità navali sovietiche. Nel 1967 venne aggiornato alla versione Volna-M (SA-N-1B) e successivamente tra il 1974 e il 1976 alla versione Volna-P che aveva una maggiore resistenza al jamming. altre versioni ammodernate furono la versione V-601M e Volna-N.
L'S-125 (codice NATO SA-3 GOA), è un sistema missilistico terra-aria a due stadi, a combustibile solido, da bassa a media altitudine progettato per proteggere importanti installazioni governative, industriali e militari da tutti i tipi di minacce aerotrasportate che volano ad altitudini estremamente basse e medie, come aerei bombardieri, caccia bombardieri, velivoli multiruolo e anche missili da crociera. Una delle versioni più avanzate, introdotta per la prima volta nel servizio operativo nel 1964, è il codice S-125M NEVA, e la sua variante destinata al mercato di esportazione ha ricevuto il designatore S-125 PECHORA. L'S-125 iniziò a essere consegnato alle nazioni del Patto di Varsavia nel 1969 e l'anno successivo iniziò a essere schierato con le forze armate di paesi oltre il blocco sovietico, tra cui Afghanistan, Angola, Algeria, Vietnam, Egitto, Yemen, India , Iraq, Corea, Cuba, Libia, Mali, Mozambico, Perù, Siria, Tanzania, Finlandia ed Etiopia. Il sistema SAM S-125 ha subito numerosi aggiornamenti e miglioramenti. Il sistema include una suite di lancio di missili SAM, missili guidati terra-aria 5V24 / 27 e strutture di supporto.
Il sistema include:
- Installazione radar di allarme rapido e acquisizione / localizzazione target a lungo raggio montata su due rimorchi trainati, con uno che ospita una stazione di controllo della guida e l'altro una stazione di antenne;
- Batteria SAM composta da quattro lanciatori trainabili montati a terra 5P73 con due missili pronti al lancio ciascuno;
- Un gruppo elettrogeno costituito da una stazione di distribuzione di energia e un'unità diesel-elettrica. L'alimentazione è possibile anche tramite una presa CA 220 V.
Il 5V27 (V-601, 4K91) è un SAM a due stadi, a combustibile solido, da bassa a media altitudine. Due missili pronti viaggiano in tandem su un camion modificato o su un veicolo cingolato da cui l'equipaggio carica i missili in un lanciatore montato a terra, addestrabile per sparare. Sono in uso sia lanciatori gemelli che quadrupli. Il missile ha quattro grandi alette rettangolari montate sul primo stadio (potenziante) appena davanti alla parte posteriore, che vengono piegate quando non sono in volo. L'estremità posteriore della pinna è incernierata nel punto in cui si attacca al corpo del missile. Quando viene lanciato il missile, la forza fa ruotare ciascuna pinna di 90° attorno alla sua posizione di volo. Questa sezione del missile viene espulsa dopo che la sua masterizzazione di 2.4 secondi è stata completata. Il missile di supporto del combustibile solido con 20 secondi di combustione è dotato di altre otto pinne: quattro pinne stabilizzanti nella parte posteriore che fungono da antenne per i dati di guida (il missile non è guidato fino al completamento della sua prima combustione) e altre quattro piccole pinne sul naso per lo sterzo. Dopo il lancio del booster il secondo stadio viene agganciato dal raggio radar e i segnali di guida vengono inviati tramite antenna sulle alette posteriori per posizionare il missile su una traiettoria di intercettazione. La guida viene eseguita da comandi radio dall'unità di controllo della guida a terra. Il missile trasporta una testata a frammentazione altamente esplosiva che esplode a una distanza predeterminata dal bersaglio mediante comando da un fusibile di prossimità radar o dall'unità di controllo di guida a terra. Per consentire al missile di volare a un raggio esteso, la guida viene ancora eseguita nella fase balistica del suo percorso. Se il missile non riesce a intercettare, viene inviato un segnale per modificare la traiettoria o l'autodistruzione, con un tempo di autodistruzione di 49 secondi. Il missile può manovrare fino a 6 g e resiste a temperature che vanno da -40° C a + 50° C. Sei obiettivi possono essere seguiti e due missili guidati contemporaneamente.
ENGLISH
The S-125 Neva/Pechora (Russian: С-125 "Нева"/"Печора", NATO reporting name SA-3 Goa) Soviet surface-to-air missile system was designed by Aleksei Isaev to complement the S-25 and S-75. It has a shorter effective range and lower engagement altitude than either of its predecessors and also flies slower, but due to its two-stage design it is more effective against more maneuverable targets. It is also able to engage lower flying targets than the previous systems, and being more modern it is much more resistant to ECM than the S-75. The 5V24 (V-600) missiles reach around Mach 3 to 3.5 in flight, both stages powered by solid fuel rocket motors. The S-125, like the S-75, uses radio command guidance. The naval version of this system has the NATO reporting name SA-N-1 Goa and original designation M-1 Volna (Russian Волна – wave).
Operational history
Soviet Union
The S-125 was first deployed between 1961 and 1964 around Moscow, augmenting the S-25 and S-75 sites already ringing the city, as well as in other parts of the USSR. In 1964, an upgraded version of the system, the S-125M "Neva-M" and later S-125M1 "Neva-M1" was developed. The original version was designated SA-3A by the US DoD and the new Neva-M named SA-3B and (naval) SA-N-1B. The Neva-M introduced a redesigned booster and an improved guidance system. The SA-3 was not used against U.S. forces in Vietnam, because the Soviets feared that China (after the souring of Sino-Soviet relations in 1960), through which most, if not all of the equipment meant for North Vietnam had to travel, would try to copy the missile.
Angola
The FAPA-DAA acquired a significant number of SA-3s, and these were encountered during the first strike flown by SAAF Mirage F.1s against targets in Angola ever - in June 1980. While the SAAF reported two aircraft were damaged by SAMs during this action, Angola claimed to have shot down four.
On 7 June 1980, while attacking SWAPO's Tobias Haneko Training Camp during Operation Sceptic (Smokeshell), SAAF Major Frans Pretorius and Captain IC du Plessis, both flying Mirage F.1s, were hit by SA-3s. Pretorius's aircraft was hit in a fuel line and he had to perform a deadstick landing at AFB Ondangwa. Du Plessis's aircraft sustained heavier damage and had to divert to Ruacana forward airstrip, where he landed with only the main undercarriage extended. Both aircraft were repaired and returned to service.
Middle East
The Soviets supplied several SA-3s to the Arab states in the late 1960s and 1970s, most notably Egypt and Syria. The SA-3 saw extensive action during the War of Attrition and the Yom Kippur War. During the latter, the SA-3, along with the SA-2 and SA-6, formed the backbone of the Egyptian air defence network Many of Egyptia Engineering officers are have more experience to treat the hard problems in the system of Sa-125. In Egypt, March–July 1970 Soviet battalions of S-125 17 Shooting (35 missiles) shot down 9 Israeli and 1 Egyptian planes. Israel recognized the 5 Phantoms in 1970 (1 more was W/O) and in 1973 another 6.
Iraq
A USAF F-16 (serial 87-257) was shot down on January 19, 1991, during Operation Desert Storm. The aircraft was struck by an SA-3 just south of Baghdad. The pilot, Major Jeffrey Scott Tice, ejected safely but became a POW as the ejection took place over Iraq. It was the 8th combat loss and the first daylight raid over Baghdad.
On the opening night of Desert Storm, on 17 January 1991, a B-52G was damaged by a missile. Different versions of this engagement are told. It could have been a S-125 or a 2K12 Kub while other versions report a MiG-29 allegedly fired a Vympel R-27R missile and damaged the B-52G. However, the U.S. Air Force disputes these claims, stating the bomber was actually hit by friendly fire, an AGM-88 High-speed, Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) that homed on the fire-control radar of the B-52's tail gun; the jet was subsequently renamed In HARM's Way. Shortly following this incident, General George Lee Butler announced that the gunner position on B-52 crews would be eliminated, and the gun turrets permanently deactivated, commencing on 1 October 1991.
FR Yugoslavia
A Yugoslav Army 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade 3rd battery equipped with S-125 system managed to shoot down an F-117 Nighthawk stealth attack aircraft on March 27, 1999 during the Kosovo War (the only recorded downing of a stealth aircraft) near village Budjanovci, about 45 km from Belgrade. It was also used to shoot down a NATO F-16 fighter on May 2 (its pilot; Lt. Col David L. Goldfein, the commander of 555th Fighter Squadron, managed to eject and was later rescued by a combat search-and-rescue (CSAR) mission).
During the war, different Yugoslav SAM sites and possibly the SA-3 also shot down some NATO UAVs.
"The war (in Kosovo) proved that a competent opponent can improvise ways to overcome superior weaponry because every technology has weaknesses that can be identified and exploited," the jury is still out even on real damage to Serbian military infrastructure, the fact remains that SAM sites forced NATO planes to fly higher and be less effective than they would have been without these defences.
Syrian Civil War
On 17 March 2015, a US MQ-1 Predator drone was shot down by a Syrian Air Defense Force S-125 missile while on intelligence flight near the coastal town of Latakia.
In December 2016, ISIS forces captured three SA-3 launchers after they retook Palmyra from Russian and Syrian government troops.
On April 14, 2018, American, British, and French forces launched a barrage of 103 air-to-surface and cruise missiles targeting eight sites in Syria. The Russian military claimed that thirteen S-125 missiles launched in response destroyed five incoming missiles. However, the American Department of Defense stated no Allied missiles were shot down.
Description
The S-125 is somewhat mobile, an improvement over the S-75 system. The missiles are typically deployed on fixed turrets containing two or four but can be carried ready-to-fire on ZIL trucks in pairs. Reloading the fixed launchers takes a few minutes.
Missile
The S-125 system uses 2 different missile versions. The V-600 (or 5V24) had the smallest warhead with only 60 kg of high explosive. It had a range of about 15 km.
The later version is named V-601 (or 5V27). It has a length of 6.09 m, a wing span of 2.2 m and a body diameter of 0.375 m. This missile weighs 953 kg at launch, and has a 70 kg warhead containing 33 kg of HE and 4,500 fragments. The minimum range is 3.5 km, and the maximum is 35 km (with the Pechora 2A). The intercept altitudes are between 100 m and 18 km.
The S-125M (1970) system uses 5V27. The intercept altitudes are between 20 m and 14 km. The minimum range is 2.5 km, and the maximum is 22 km The S-125M1 (1978) system uses 5V27D. In the early 1980s established for each system 1-2 radar simulator (against antiradar missiles assigned).
Radars
The launchers are accompanied by a command building or truck and three primary radar systems:
- P-15 "Flat Face" or P-15M(2) "Squat Eye" 380 kW C-band target acquisition radar (also used by the SA-6 and SA-8, range 250 km/155 miles)
- SNR-125 "Low Blow" 250 kW I/D-band tracking, fire control and guidance radar (range 40 km/25 miles, second mode 80 km/50 miles)
- PRV-11 "Side Net" E-band height finder (also used by SA-2, SA-4 and SA-5, range 28 km/17 miles, max height 32 km/105,000 ft)
- "Flat Face"/"Squat Eye" is mounted on a van ("Squat Eye" on a taller mast for better performance against low-altitude targets also an IFF [Identifies Friend or Foe]), "Low Blow" on a trailer and "Side Net" on a box-bodied trailer.
Variants and upgrades
Naval version
Work on a naval version M-1 Volna (SA-N-1) started in 1956, along with work on a land version. It was first mounted on a rebuilt Kotlin class destroyer (Project 56K) Bravyi and tested in 1962. In the same year, the system was accepted. The basic missile was a V-600 (or 4K90) (range: from 4 to 15 km, altitude: from 0.1 to 10 km). Fire control and guidance is carried out by 4R90 Yatagan radar, with five parabolic antennas on a common head. Only one target can be engaged at a time (or two, for ships fitted with two Volna systems). In case of emergency, Volna could be also used against naval targets, due to short response time.
The first launcher type was the two-missile ZIF-101, with a magazine for 16 missiles. In 1963 an improved two-missile launcher, ZIF-102, with a magazine for 32 missiles, was introduced to new ship classes. In 1967 Volna systems were upgraded to Volna-M (SA-N-1B) with V-601 (4K91) missiles (range: 4–22 km, altitude: 0.1–14 km).
In 1974 - 1976 some systems were modernized to Volna-P standard, with an additional TV target tracking channel and better resistance to jamming. Later, improved V-601Mmissiles were introduced, with lower minimal attack altitude against aerial targets (system Volna-N).
Some Indian frigates also carry the M-1 Volna system.
Since Russia replaced all of its S-125 sites with SA-10 and SA-12 systems, they decided to upgrade the S-125 systems being removed from service to make them more attractive to export customers.
Released in 2000, the Pechora-2 version features better range, multiple target engagement ability and a higher probability of kill (PK). The launcher is moved onto a truck allowing much shorter relocation times.
It is also possible to fire the Pechora-2M system against cruise missiles. Deployment time 25 minutes, protected from the active interference, and anti-radiation missiles (total in practical shooting).
Early warning radar is replaced by anti-stealth radar Kasta 2E2, target distance at 2.5–32 km, target altitude - 0.02–20 km, missile launchers can be positioned at up to 10 kilometers away from the control center. Speed up to 1000 m/s (target), Used rocket 5V27DE, by weight the warhead + 50% range of flight splinters + 350%. Probability of hitting the target 1st rocket: at a distance up to 25 km - 0,72-0,99, detection range with the radar cross section = 2 sq meters about 100 km, with RCS = 0.15 sq m - about 50 km, with no interference. When using active jamming - 40 km. ADMS "Pechora-2M" has the ability to interfacing with higher level command post and radar remote using telecode channels. Is equally effective at any time during the day and at night (optical location, daytime and nighttime, and also thermal imager [up to 30 km of night and 60 km of day]), for such a system, the detection range of an aircraft such as F-16 is 30 km away. Is possible to use two radar pointing missiles, it allows the client to simultaneously work on two goals. For the purpose with a height of 350 meters detection range of 40 km.
In 1999, a Russian-Belarusian financial-industrial consortium called Oboronitelnye Sistemy (Defense Systems) was awarded a contract to overhaul Egypt's S-125 SAM system.
These refurbished weapons have been reintroduced as the S-125 Pechora 2M.
In 2001, Poland began offering an upgrade to the S-125 known as the Newa SC. This replaced many analogue components with digital ones for improved reliability and accuracy. This upgrade also involves mounting the missile launcher on a WZT-1 tank chassis (a TEL), greatly improving mobility and also adds IFF capability and data links. Radar is mounted on an 8-wheeled heavy truck chassis (formerly used for Scud launchers).
Serbian modifications include terminal/camera homing from radar base.
Cuba also developed a similar upgrade to the Polish one, which was displayed in La Habana in 2006.
Later the same year, the Russian version was upgraded again to the Pechora-M which upgraded almost all aspects of the system - the rocket motor, radar, guidance, warhead, fuse and electronics. There is an added laser/infra-red tracking device to allow launching of missiles without the use of the radar.
There is also a version of the S-125 available from Russia with the warhead replaced with telemetry instrumentation, for use as target drones.
In October 2010, Ukrainian Aerotechnica announced a modernized version of S-125 named S-125-2D Pechora. As of 2018 according to the UkrOboronProm, the S-125 surface-to-air missile underwent an integrated modification of all elements, including modernization of missiles, as well as the use of a new radar station built on solid-state elements. At more than 40km, the Ukrainian S-125 modernization's engagement area is better than that of the Russian one.
UTILIZZATORI - Current operators
- Algeria
- Angola
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Bulgaria
- Burma
- Cuba
- Egypt No less than 50 Pechora 2M in 2012 + ≈120
- Ethiopia
- Georgia
- India
- Libya
- Moldova
- Mongolia Pechora-2M
- Mozambique
- North Korea 140 batteries
- Peru
- Poland 12 Newa SC
- Serbia 12 surface-to-air missile systems, with 32 rocket launchers (being modernized with IR camera - Range finder)
- Syria 148 Pechora + 12Pechora-2M
- South Sudan
- Tanzania
- Turkmenistan
- Kazakhstan Pechora-2TM
- Ukraine
- Venezuela Pechora-2M 11. Ordered 11 new systems, delivered 1 system in 2011 (up to 8 launchers)
- Vietnam Pechora-2TM version
- Yemen
- Uganda
- Zambia
Former operators
- Afghanistan
- Cambodia (scrapped in 2005)
- Czechoslovakia (1973 - retired in the Czech Republic in 2002)
- East Germany
- Ecuador P-15 "Flat Face" radar. Unknown quantity in service.
- Finland (retired in 1990s)
- Hungary (in service 1978–1995)
- Iraq (all destroyed in 2003 Invasion)
- Islamic State Three launchers captured at Palmyra before being destroyed by the United States.
- Romania (in service 1986–1998)
- Russia (retired in 1990s) - Missiles used as targets for training. RM-5V27 Pishal (in service as of 2011)
- Somalia (inoperational by 1992)
- Slovakia (retired in 2001)
- South Yemen
- Soviet Union
- Yugoslavia.
(Web, Google, Wikipedia, You Tube)
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