L'I.F.V. BMP-3 (in russo: БМП-3)

Il BMP-3 (in russo: БМП-3) è un veicolo da combattimento della fanteria sovietico che è stato visto per la prima volta in Occidente nel 1990. BMP sta per Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty (Боевая Машина Пехоты, letteralmente "Veicolo da Combattimento per Fanteria").

Storia della produzione

La progettazione del BMP-3 o Obyekt 688M potrebbe risalire al prototipo di carro leggero Obyekt 685, con cannone da 100 mm 2A48-1, del 1975. Questo veicolo non è stato prodotto in serie, ma il suo scafo, con un nuovo motore, è stato usato per il veicolo da fanteria di nuova generazione Obyekt 688 dalla A. Blagonravov. La configurazione d'arma dell'Obyekt 688 - cannone automatico da 30 mm e lanciamissili Konkurs gemellati - era stata rifiutata, invece il nuovo sistema d'armamento 2K23 era stato scelto. Il nuovo BMP-3 è stato sviluppato nei primi degli anni ottanta e entrato in servizio ufficialmente nell'Armata Rossa nel 1987. Visto in pubblico per la prima volta nel 1990 nella parata di maggio, ha assunto la designazione NATO di ICV 1990/1.

Armamento ed equipaggiamento

Il BMP-3, soprannominato Troyka, è uno dei più pesantemente armati veicoli da combattimento per la fanteria in servizio. È armato di un cannone/lanciatore da 100 mm 2A70 che può sparare i normali proiettili HE o missili anticarro 9M117 (AT-10 Stabber), con rispettivamente 40 e 8 colpi, un cannone automatico da 30 mm 2A72 con 500 colpi e che può sparare tra i 350 e i 400 colpi al minuto. Ci sono anche tre mitragliatrici PKT (di cui due sono poste sullo scafo frontale) da 7.62 mm con ciascuna 2000 colpi. Il BMP-3 è capace di ingaggiare bersagli alla distanza di 5000/6000 m con i ATGM 9K116-3 Basnya. Tuttavia il missile non può essere lanciato contro bersagli a una distanza inferiore di 300 m dal mezzo. In più ci vogliono ventisette secondi di volo del missile sino al bersaglio. Se il lanciamissili è distrutto la guida del missile s'interrompe e potrebbe mancare il bersaglio.

Secondo i creatori del veicolo tutte le armi possono fare fuoco quando il veicolo è fermo, in movimento o sta navigando corsi d'acqua. La capacità di lanciare missili in movimento è stata successivamente dimostrata nel 1991 negli Emirati Arabi Uniti durante delle valutazioni.

La torretta è dotata del sistema 2K23 che consiste in un caricatore automatico, computer balistico 1V539, sensore meteorologico, stabilizzatore 2E52-2, telemetro laser 1D16-3, visore/guida 1K13-2 e visore PPB-1 per cannoniere. Il capocarro ha un visore ottico combinato 1PZ-10, visore notturno/diurno TKN-3MB e visore all'infrarosso OU-3GA2.

Il veicolo porta anche un RPG-7, cinque RPG-18, due missili antiaerei spalleggiabili (SA-14 Gremlin e SA-18 Grouse) e dieci granate F-1.

Anche se i modelli iniziali erano dotati di motore da 450 cavalli UDT-29, i modelli successivi stati dotati della versione da 500 cavalli UTD-29M. L'altro equipaggiamento standard consiste in cinque feritoie di fuoco, un trasmettitore R-173, un ricevitore R-173P, un rilevatore di agenti NBC e radiazioni GO-27, un sistema di filtraggio FVU, un sistema di estinzione di incendi e sei lancia fumogeni da 81 mm 902V "Tucha".

Versioni

Federazione Russa

• BMP-3: versione di base, come descritto sopra;
• BMP-3M: KBP e Kurganmashzavod hanno aggiornato il veicolo con una nuova torretta e motori. L'aggiornamento è stato chiamato BMP-3M e la torretta include un nuovo sistema di fuoco automatico con computer digitale, visore per cannoniere BZS1 con camera termica SAGEM e illuminatore laser, periscopio del capocarro TKN-AI con illuminatore IR e nuovo sistema per il caricamento delle munizioni. Il BMP-3M può anche sparare le nuove munizioni da 100 mm a guida laser, nuovi proiettili HE-FRAG (alto esplosivo a frammentazione) e nuovi colpi da 30 mm APDS (perforanti a perdita d'involucro). Protezione passiva addizionale consente l'impenetrabilità di proiettili AP da 12.7 mm alla distanza di 50 m. La corazza reattiva è disponibile come opzione. Il nuovo motore migliorato è il UTD-32 da 660 cavalli. Attualmente esistono differenti modelli della versione M, alcuni con corazza addizionale, sistemi di protezione attiva "Arena-E" o "Shtora-1", aria condizionata e altro. L'ultima versione è conosciuta come BMP-4 dotata della torretta "Bakhcha-U" del BMD-4. Ci sono state le prove nel 1999;
• BMMP (bojevaya mashina morskoj pekhoti): versione per la fanteria navale, dotata di torretta del BMP-2;
• BMP-3K (komandnyi): versione comando che include nuove radio R-173, un AB-1 APU e un sistema di navigazione TNA-4-6. Il BMP-3K è senza mitragliatrici nello scafo, ma ha montate delle antenne nel posteriore dello scafo. L'equipaggio consiste in tre carristi più tre passeggeri;
• BMP-3F: designazione speciale per operazioni marine, con miglioramenti nella galleggiabilità e navigabilità, consente un ottimo tiro anche quando il mare è a forza 2. Può sopportare operazioni anfibie per sette ore;
• BRM-3K "Rys" (Ob.501) (boyevaya razvedivatel'naya mashina): versione da ricognizione con camera termica 1PN71 (3 km di raggio), intensificazione dell'immagine di seconda generazione 1PN65 (1.5 km di raggio), radar da sorveglianza 1RL-133-1 (scopre uomini a 3 km e veicoli a 12 k m), computer 1V520 e un sistema di navigazione TNA-4-6. L'armamento consiste nel solo 30 mm 2A72 con 600 colpi e una mitragliatrice coassiale da 7.62 mm con 2000 colpi. Pesa 19 tonnellate e ha 6 uomini d'equipaggio;
• BREM-L "Beglianka" (Ob.691) (bronirovannaya remontno-evakuatsionnaya mashina): veicolo corazzato da recupero;
• 9P157 "Khrizantema-S": versione anticarro che trasporta due missili controcarro AT-15;
• 9P162 "Kornet-T": versione anticarro che trasporta missili anticarro AT-14 Spriggan;
• 2S31 Vena: veicolo per supporto di fuoco armato di mortaio da 120 mm;
• DZM "Vostorg-2" (dorozhno-zemlerojnaya mashina): veicolo da combattimento del genio dotato di lama ed escavatore. Prototipo;
• UR-93 (ustanovka razminirovaniya): sistema sminatore. Prototipo;
• UNSh (unifitsirovannyj shassi): scafo per varianti specializzate;
• KhTM(khodovoj trenazhor): veicolo guida per addestramento;
• Hermes: antiaereo con missili ad alta velocità e radar. Prototipo.

Repubblica Popolare Cinese

• ZBD97: versione cinese con torretta "Bakhcha-U" montata su scafo di concezione nazionale. Le varianti offrono un veicolo d'assalto anfibio, veicolo da recupero corazzato, veicolo da combattimento del genio e mortaio semovente da 120 mm.

Utilizzatori

Il più grande numero di BMP-3 in servizio fuori dalla Russia si trovano negli Emirati Arabi Uniti:

• Azerbaigian: 1 BMP-3 nel 2007.
• Cipro: 43 BMP-3 nel 2007.
• Grecia: 420 BMP-3M ordinati nel 2008.
• Indonesia: 20 BMP-3F ordinati.
• Corea del Sud: 70 BMP-3 nel 2007.
• Kuwait: 120 BMP-3 nel 2007.
• Russia: 190 BMP-3 dell'esercito nel 2007.
• Ucraina: 4 BMP-3 nel 2007.
• Emirati Arabi Uniti: 415 BMP-3 nel 2007.
• Venezuela - Ejército Nacional de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela - 123 esemplari consegnati tra il 2011 ed il 2014 ed in servizio al settembre 2018.

Ex-utilizzatori

• URSS: passati agli stati nati dall'Unione Sovietica dopo il 1991.

ENGLISH

The BMP-3 is a Soviet and Russian infantry fighting vehicle, successor to the BMP-1 and BMP-2. The abbreviation BMP stands for boevaya mashina pehoty (боевая машина пехоты, literally "infantry combat vehicle").

Production history

The design of the BMP-3 or Obyekt 688M can be traced back to the Obyekt 685 light tank prototype with an 2A48-1 100 mm gun from 1975. The prototype did not enter series production, but the chassis, with a new engine, was used for the next-generation infantry combat vehicle Obyekt 688 from A. Blagonravov's design bureau. The Ob. 688's original weapon configuration consisting of an externally mounted Shipunov 2A42 30 mm autocannon, a 7.62mm PKT machine gun and twin 9M113 Konkurs ATGM launcher was rejected; instead the new 2K23 armament system was selected. The resulting BMP-3 was developed in the early 1980s and entered service with the Soviet Army officially in 1987. It was shown for the first time in public during the 1990 Victory Day parade and was given the NATO code IFV M1990/1.

The BMP-3 is designed and produced by the Kurganmashzavod ("Kurgan Machine Building Plant") some variants however are built by the Rubtsovsk Machine Building Plant (RMZ), for example the BRM-3K.

In May 2015, the Russian Defense Ministry signed a three-year contract to receive "hundreds" of BMP-3 vehicles to maintain its armored vehicle force until its replacement, the Kurganets-25, completes research and development. In the process of the BMP's serial production, the vehicle's design underwent 1,500 amendments.

In the Army-2017 show, the Russian Defence Ministry signed a contract covering the first deliveries of an unspecified number of BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) fitted with the Bumerang-BM turret.

Operational history

First Chechen War

The BMP-3 saw action with the Russian forces during the First Chechen War.

Kosovo

In 2000, the United Arab Emirates deployed some BMP-3s in peacekeeping operations during the Kosovo War.

Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen

The BMP-3 also saw military use with Emirati forces during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, where it is currently deployed.

Design

Weaponry and optics

The BMP-3 is one of the most heavily armed infantry combat vehicles in service, original version of BMP-3 has a turret fitted with a low-velocity 2A70 100 mm rifled gun, which can fire conventional shells or 9M117 BastionATGMs (AT-10 Stabber). 40 100mm-rounds and 8 ATGMs are carried. A 2A72 30 mm dual feed autocannon with 500 (300 HEI and 200 APT) rounds and a rate of fire of 350 to 400 RPM, and a 7.62mm PKT machine gunwith 2,000 rounds, all mounted coaxially in the turret. The main gun elevates from −5° to +60°. There are also two 7.62mm PKT bow machine guns, again with 2,000 rounds each. The BMP-3 is capable of engaging targets out to 5,000–6,000 meters with its ATGM weapon system 9K116-3 "Basnya". With conventional ammunition, such as the HE-Frag shell 3OF32, the 2A70 gun has a range of 4,000 meters.

According to the manufacturer's web-site, all weapons can be fired from the halt, on the move, and afloat with the same effectiveness. The ability to hit targets on the move with missiles was successfully demonstrated during competitive evaluations in the UAE in 1991.

The turret is fitted with the 2K23 system, which consists of an autoloader with 22 rounds (the remaining 18 rounds are stored in the hull), a 1V539 ballistic computer, a cross-wind sensor, a 2E52-2 stabilising system, a 1D16-3 laser range finder, a 1K13-2 gunner's sight/guidance device, a PPB-1 gunner's sight and an OU-5-1 IR searchlight. Optional autoloader for ATGM missiles is also available. The commander has a combined optical sight 1PZ-10, a day/night vision device TKN-3MB and an IR searchlight OU-3GA2. Since 2005, the BMP-3 can be fitted with a new fire control system from the "Peleng" Joint Stock Company from Belarus. This consists of a SOZH-M gunner's main sight with an integrated laser range-finder and missile-guidance channel, a Vesna-K targeting system with thermal imaging camera and automatic target tracker AST-B, an armament stabilisation system, a ballistic computer with data input sensors and a PL-1 IR laser projector. Since 2017, the BMP-3 is fitted with a new fire control system from the "Vologda Optical-Mechanical Plant" from Russia. This consists of a Sodema two-plane stabilized gunner's main sight with an integrated laser range-finder and missile-guidance channel plus a SOZH-M thermal imaging camera.

Standard equipment includes five firing ports with associated vision blocks, an R-173 tranceiver, an R-173P receiver, a GO-27 radiation and chemical agent detector, an FVU filtration system, an automatic fire extinguisher and six 902V "Tucha-2" 81 mm smoke grenade launchers.

BMP-3M is equipped with Bakhcha-U turret, which has similar weapons to the original BMP-3 turret but with a new dual-channel FLIR gunner's sight, commander's panoramic thermal imaging device, vertical-storage conveyor, new autoloader, and a new sighting system. It also has a stronger armor on the turret, and two-axis stabilisation.

The turret of the BMP-3 has been fitted to the Patria Armoured Modular Vehicle and on the Turkish-UAE RABDAN 8x8 IFV.

In August 2017, a BMP-3M was presented with a new ATGM remote weapon station fitted on the standard turret carrying two 9M120 Ataka (AT-9 Spiral-2) missiles.

In June 2018, the Russian Defense Ministry announced that BMP-3s would be fitted with the AU-220M combat module equipped with a 57 mm cannon. The module can carry 80 rounds and fire 80 rounds per minute including air burst, high-explosive, fragmentation, armor-piercing and guided munitions with a maximum range of 14.5 km (9.0 mi), and can even punch through side armor of main battle tanks.

Mobility

The vehicle has an unconventional layout. The engine is in the back of the vehicle to the right (unlike most other IFVs, which have the engine located forward in the hull). As a result, the driver is seated forward in the hull (in the center) together with two infantrymen (one on each side of the driver). The vehicle has a double bottom and the engine is located under the floor of the vehicle (troops enter/leave the vehicle over the engine). The remaining five infantrymen are seated aft of the two-man turret.

Early models were powered by a 450 hp engine UTD-29, but most BMP-3s are now equipped with the 500 hp UTD-29M version. The engine was developed at the Transmash Diesel Engine Plant in Barnaul. The BMP-3 has a range of 600 km, an altitude of operation of up to 3,000 m and it is transportable by train, truck, sea, and air. The BMP-3 engine is a diesel four-stroke, liquid-cooled design. The transmission is a four-speed hydromechanical power unit, with power takeoff to its water jets. The suspension is independent, with a torsion bar and six hydraulic shock absorbers. Steering is by gear differential with hydrostatic drive. The track adjusting mechanism is remotely controlled from the driver's station, with tension force indication. The water-jet propulsion unit is single-stage, axial, auger-type.

Countermeasures

The hull and turret are made of a high-strength aluminum alloy, with the front of the hull being provided with an extra steel plate welded over it plus spaced armor from the trim vane. The turret is also provided with a thick steel spaced armour shield over its frontal arc. Over the frontal arc, the vehicle is protected against 30 mm gun rounds at a range of 200 m. In addition to "hard" protection, the BMP-3's self-sealing fuel tank is located in front of the driver, directly behind the front armour plating. It is specially constructed to act as armour, effective against shaped charge warheads as well as any auto-cannon shells that managed to go through the front armour.

The BMP-3 can create a smoke screen by injecting fuel into the exhaust manifolds. A chemical agent detector, an FVU filtration system, an automatic fire extinguisher and six 902V "Tucha-2" 81 mm smoke grenade launchers are standard.

At least two distinct sets of explosive reactive armour kit are currently available, giving the BMP-3 protection from less advanced rocket propelled grenades. One of them is the Kaktus ERA kit, which has a unique design that creates minimal acoustic and kinetic backlash to the armour behind it upon detonation, thus ensuring that the occupants will not be harmed by shockwaves from the ERA block. The ERA blocks will completely disintegrate after detonation. According to Kurganmashzavod, the BMP-3 may also be fitted with additional side armor tiles, which can resist .50 caliber armour-piercing ammunition perpendicularly at close ranges. They give the BMP-3 added side protection from autocannon fire as well.

The BMP-3 also has the ability to carry a Shtora-1 electro-optical jammer that disrupts semiautomatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) antitank guided missiles, laser rangefinders and target designators. Shtora is a soft-kill, or passive-countermeasure system.

Standard weight of the vehicle is 18.7 tonnes. If additional armour overlay (metal sheet of armour and Kaktus ERA) is installed, weight will reach to 22.2 tonnes. The body covered from the sides and the top. In such kit, it is protected against 12.7 mm machine gun rounds in the range of 100–200 m.

Variants

Russian Federation

• BMP-3 – Basic version, as described.
• BMP-3M – KBP and Kurganmashzavod have upgraded the vehicle with a new engines and turret with a new ATGM system 9K116-3 Basnya. The upgraded vehicle is called the BMP-3M and the new Bakhcha-U turret which includes a new automatic fire control system with ballistic computer, new SOZH gunner's sight with laser rangefinder and an ATGM guidance channel, thermal imager, TKN-AI commander's vision device with laser illuminator and new ammunition loading system for ATGM. The BMP-3M is also able to fire various ammunition types, including new 100 mm laser-guided projectiles, new 100 mm HE-FRAG (high explosive fragmentation) rounds and new 30 mm APDS (armour piercing discarding sabot) rounds. Its additional auxiliary armour shields are effective against 12.7 mm armour-piercing rounds from a range of 50 m. Explosive reactive armour is available as an option. The new uprated engine is the UTD-32, which is rated at 660 hp. There are actually several different M models, some fitted with additional armour, "Arena-E" or "Shtora-1" active protection systems, air conditioner etc.
• BMP-3M Ataka – BMP-3M version with a two men turret armed with 30 mm 2A72 autocannon, and 9M120-1 Ataka ATGM.
• BMMP (bojevaya mashina morskoj pekhoti) – Version for naval infantry, fitted with the turret of the BMP-2.
• BMP-3K (komandnyi) – Tactical command variant, includes additional radio R-173, an intercom for seven users, an AB-R28 independent portable power unit, a navigation device TNA-4-6 and the "Ainet" air burst round detonation system. The BMP-3K lacks the bow machine guns and has its whip antennas mounted on the rear hull. Crew: 3+3.
• BMP-3F – Armed with the standard 2K23 turret. Specially designed for operations at sea, with improved seaworthiness and buoyancy, capability to move afloat at sea state 3 and fire with the required accuracy at sea state 2. Compared to the basic model, the vehicle design features changes increasing floatability and vehicle stability: the self-entrenching equipment is omitted, a lightweight anti-surge vane and an air intake tube are introduced; the BMP-3F turret is also protected by anti-surge vanes. Water jet propellers develop a speed of 10 km/h when afloat. The BMP-3F design allows the vehicle to come ashore under rough sea conditions and to tow the same-type vehicle. A new main sight, the SOZH, which has an integrated laser range finder and an ATGM guidance channel, is installed. This version can endure continuous amphibious operation for seven hours with the running engine.
• BT-3F – Amphibious version based on BMP-3F with the original turret replaced by a smaller remote weapon station with either 7.62, 12.7 or 14.5mm machine gun. It can accommodate a crew commander, driver, gunner, and 14 troops, and can use optional ERA armor.
• BRM-3K "Rys" (Ob.501) (boyevaya razvedivatel'naya mashina) – Surveillance and reconnaissance variant with 1PN71 thermal sight (3.7x/11x, 3 km range), 1PN61 active-pulse night vision device ( 3 km range), 1RL-133-1 ("TALL MIKE") I-band surveillance radar (3 km man, 12 km vehicle), 1V520 computer and a TNA-4-6 navigation system. The armament consists of the stabilized 30 mm autocannon 2A72 (600 rounds) and a coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun (2,000 rounds) or AU-220M Baikal remote weapon station with 57 mm BM-57 autocannon and 7.62mm PKMT machine gun. Combat weight: 19 t, crew: 6. In 1993, Russia started quantity production of BRM-3K vehicles.
• BMP-3 Dragoon – New IFV version with an unmanned turret which can be armed with a variety of combat modules, including standard BMP-3's Bakhcha-U turret with a 2A70 100 mm cannon, a 2A72 30 mm autocannon and a PKTM 7.62 mm machinegun, the AU-220M Baikal remote weapon station module with a 57 mm BM-57 gun and a module with a 125 mm 2A82-1M tank gun, the new 816 h.p. turbocharged UTD-32T engine and powerplant moved to the front, and a hydraulic ramp fitted to the rear. It is reported that its trials were finished in October 2017.
• BREM-L "Beglianka" (Ob.691) (bronirovannaya remontno-evakuatsionnaya mashina) – Armoured recovery vehicle with five-tonne crane and 20/40 metric tonne capacity winch.
• BMP-3 "Khrizantema-S" (9P157-2) – Self-propelled anti-tank version with 9M123 Khrizantema (AT-15) ATGM system with radar and laser guidance. The 9P157-2 carries two 9M123 missiles on launch rails, which are extended from a stowed position; the radar is also stowed during transit. The missiles are re-loaded automatically from an internal magazine with 15 rounds (missiles are stored and transported in sealed canisters) and can also accept munitions manually loaded from outside the vehicle. The manufacturer claims that three 9P157-2 tank destroyers are able to engage 14 attacking tanks and destroy at least sixty percent of the attacking force. The dual guidance system ensures protection against electronic countermeasures and operation in all climatic conditions, day or night. NBC protection is provided for the crew (gunner and driver) of each 9P157-2 in addition to full armour protection equivalent to the standard BMP-3 chassis and entrenching equipment. The 9M123 missile itself is supersonic, flying at an average speed of 400 m/s (Mach 1.2) and a range of between 400 and 6,000 meters. Entered service in 2005. More than 10 sets of new anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) complexes "Khrizantema-S" on the crawler, which replaced the complexes "Shturm", entered the artillery units of the Southern Military District, based in Ingushetia, in November 2012. Khrizantema vehicles are fielded with artillery units.
• 9P163M-1 "Kornet-T" – Anti-tank version with Kornet (AT-14) missile system. Some sources call it the 9P162. The Kornet is similar in function to the Khrizantema missile system. The 9P163M-1 carries two 9M133 missiles on launch rails, which are extended from a stowed position during transit. Missiles are re-loaded automatically by the tank destroyer from an internal magazine with 16 rounds (missiles are stored and transported in sealed canisters). Nuclear, biological and chemical protection is provided for the two crew members (gunner and driver) in addition to full armour protection equivalent to the standard BMP-3 chassis. The guidance system of the 9P163M-1 allows two missiles to be fired at once, the missiles operating on different guidance (laser) channels. The first Kornet-T missile carriers were delivered in 2003 to replace the Shturm-S, and the first batch of 20 vehicles entered service in 2012. The Kornet-T is used by motorized units.
• 2S18 "Pat-S" (Ob.697) – Self-propelled version of the 152 mm howitzer 2A61 "Pat-B". This was only a prototype, further development led to the 2S31 Vena.
• DZM "Vostorg-2" (dorozhno-zemlerojnaya mashina) – Combat engineer vehicle with a dozerblade and excavating bucket. Prototype.
• UR-07 (ustanovka razminirovaniya) – Mine clearing system. The UR-07 might replace the UR-77 "Meteorit". It has the same chassis as the BMP-3 but a bigger steel hull with two launch ramps in the rear. The ramps are used to fire rockets towing hose-type mine-clearing line charges to clear mine fields.
• UNSh (Ob.699) (unifitsirovannyj shassi) – Basic chassis for specialised variants.
• KhTM (khodovoj trenazhor) – Driver trainer.
• Hermes or TKB-841 – Air-defence vehicle with high-velocity missiles and radar system. Prototype.
• 2S31 Vena – Self-propelled mortar carrier equipped with a 120 mm mortar based on BMP-3 chassis. It entered production in 1996 and service in 2010.
• 2S38 ZAK-57 Derivatsiya-PVO – Self-propelled air defense vehicle based on BMP-3 chassis fitted with a 57 mm autocannon and passive reconnaissance and target tracking equipment. It is designed to shoot down unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), cruise missiles, air-to-surface missiles, aircraft, helicopters, and MLRS rockets. 2S38 is equipped with a TV/thermal-imaging system with automatic target lock-on and tracking capabilities, a laser rangefinder and a laser guidance system. The optical and electronic target acquisition system can spot an aircraft at 6.4 km (4.0 mi) and using sectoral observation can detect aircraft over 12 km (7.5 mi) out. The cannon is fast enough to destroy targets traveling 500 m/s (1,100 mph; 1,800 km/h; Mach 1.5). Laser-guided, air burst and specialized anti-drone munitions for ZAK-57 are in development. Its guided projectiles have four wings folded in the casing and controlled by the actuator in the projectile’s nose section, using the energy of the airflow to steer themselves to the target.
• UDAR UGV – Unmanned ground vehicle based on the tracked chassis of the BMP-3 with the center hull raised to fit the DUBM-30 Epoch armed with 2A42 autocannon, 7.62mm PKMT machine gun, and Kornet-M ATGM.
• Vikhr UGV – Unmanned ground vehicle based on BMD-3 equipped with a smaller turret armed with 2A72 autocannon, 7.62mm coaxial machine gun and six anti-tank guided missiles 9M133M Kornet-M, three on each side of the turret. It can carry separate aerial and ground drones.
• Prokhod-1 – Unmanned mine-clearing vehicle based on the BMP-3 chassis. It is equipped with the anti-mine TMT-C trawl, and a remote weapon station turret with a 12.7mm machine gun.

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