Il Grumman S-2 Tracker era un bimotore imbarcato da pattugliamento marittimo e lotta ASW

Il Grumman S-2 Tracker era un bimotore imbarcato da pattugliamento marittimo e lotta ASW (antisommergibile) prodotto dall'azienda statunitense Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation nel periodo tra gli anni cinquanta e sessanta.

Impiegato principalmente dalla United States Navy, venne utilizzato in numerose forze aeree ed aviazioni di marina mondiali, tra le quali anche l'italiana Aeronautica Militare, ed attualmente risulta essere ancora in servizio presso l'argentina Aviación Naval.

Storia

Alla fine degli anni quaranta la US Navy aveva delegato il compito del pattugliamento aereo dell'area a difesa delle proprie unità navali al Grumman AF Guardian, un grande monomotore derivato dal precedente TBF Avenger che aveva il limite di essere costretto ad operare in coppia, un velivolo attrezzato con apparecchiature radar con il compito di rilevare i sottomarini nemici ed un secondo equipaggiato con un siluro per poterlo colpire.

Con lo sviluppo della tecnologia bellica e l'inizio della Guerra Fredda che costrinse gli Stati Uniti ad una maggiore attenzione nella sorveglianza dei propri territori, la US Navy constatò che una simile soluzione era diventata obsoleta e che era necessario velocemente porvi rimedio. A tal scopo emise una specifica per la fornitura di un nuovo velivolo che potesse operare sia dalle portaerei che da basi a terra in grado di riunire in un solo modello i compiti svolti fino ad allora dall'AF Guardian.

Sviluppo

La Grumman propose il progetto G-89, un modello bimotore caratterizzato dalle dimensioni compatte e dall'ala dritta dal notevole allungamento. L'inizio della guerra di Corea rese impellente l'esigenza da parte della marina militare statunitense di dotarsi velocemente del modello, per cui il 30 giugno 1950 venne emesso un contratto di fornitura per due prototipi XS2F-1 più altri 15 esemplari di serie S2F-1. Il programma di sviluppo riuscì a realizzare il primo esemplare alla fine del 1952 che venne portato in volo per la prima volta il 4 dicembre dello stesso anno. Le prove di volo confermarono la bontà del progetto aggiudicando definitivamente alla Grumman i futuri contratti di fornitura.

Successivamente vennero introdotte due sottoversioni, designate inizialmente WF Tracer (AEW) e TF Trader (trasporto) e che vennero cambiate in E-1 Tracer e C-1 Trader nella standardizzazione delle convenzioni di nomenclatura introdotta nelle forze armate statunitensi nel 1962.

L'S-2 venne soprannominato scherzosamente "Stoof" (da S-two-F) dai sui equipaggi militari mentre il derivato E-1 Tracer, grazie al suo grande radome superiore, venne ribattezzato con il gioco di parole "stoof with a roof." (stoof con il tetto).

La Grumman produsse un totale di 1 185 Tracker mentre altri 99 esemplari, che assunsero la designazione CS2F, vennero realizzati su licenza in Canada dalla de Havilland Canada. I modelli di produzione statunitense vennero venduti a numerose nazioni tra le quali Australia, Giappone, Italia e Taiwan.

Impiego operativo

Il primo reparto che ricevette il nuovo modello fu il VS-26 nel febbraio 1954.

Utilizzatori

Militari:

• Argentina - Aviación Naval
• Australia - Royal Australian Navy
• Brasile - Força Aérea Brasileira - L'aeronautica militare brasiliana utilizzò i Tracker per conto della Marinha do Brasil fino al loro pensionamento. Hanno operato dalla portaerei NAeL Minas Gerais (ex-HMS Vengeance).
• Canada - Royal Canadian Navy - Canadian Forces
• Corea del Sud - Daehanminguk Haegun.
• Italia - 41º Stormo - L’aeronautica militare italiana utilizzò i Tracker per conto della Marina Militare fino al loro pensionamento.

• Giappone - Kaijō Jieitai - Nel 1957 acquisì 50 S2F-1 dagli Stati Uniti utilizzati operativamente fino al 1984. Dopo averli ricevuti, 6 S2F-1 furono convertiti in 4 S2F-U e 2 S2F-C. La versione S2F-1 è soprannominata Aotaka(あおたか, Blue Hawk). Un S2F-1 è in esposizione statica presso la Base aerea Kanoya, Kanoya, prefettura di Kagoshima.
• Paesi Bassi - Koninklijke Marine - Nel 1960 acquisì 17 CS2F-1 ex Royal Canadian Navy. Questi esemplari operarono sia da basi a terra sia dalla portaerei leggera HNLMS Karel Doorman (ex-HMS Venerable) fino al 1968 quando, a causa di un incendio, venne posta fuori servizio dalla Marina olandese.
• Perù - Servicio Aeronaval poi Fuerza Aviación Naval - L’aviazione navale della Marina de Guerra del Perú operò con 12 S-2E, acquisiti dalla U.S. Navy nel 1975, e 4 S-2G, anch'essi ex US Navy acquisiti nel 1983, assegnati all'Escuadron Aeronaval N°12 che li utilizzò operativamente fino al 1989.
• Taiwan - Zhōnghuá Mínguó Hǎijūn - Taiwan ha attualmente in servizio 26 S-2T, non tutti operativi (versioni migliorate dei S-2E e S-2G, che saranno rimpiazzati da 12 P-3C Orions riassemblati da esemplari provenienti dalla US Navy).
• Thailandia - Air Division of the Royal Thai Navy
• Turchia - Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri - 34 tra S-2A ed S-2E ex Koninklijke Marine ed US Navy in servizio dal 1968 al 1993.
• Stati Uniti - United States Navy operò i suoi Trackers tra il 1954 e il 1976. - United States Marine Corps ha avuto in servizio alcuni Trackers.
• Uruguay - Aviación Naval Uruguaya - L'Armada Nacional ricevette il primo di tre S-2A Trackers il 10 aprile 1965 alla base navale Capitan Curbelo. Il 15 settembre 1982 si vide consegnare un S-2G seguito da altri due il 2 febbraio 1983. Alla fine del settembre 2004, i rimanenti Trackers uruguaiani non erano più in condizione di volo.
• Venezuela - Aviación de la Marina Venezolana.

Civili

Molti dei Tracker ritirati dal servizio operativo vennero venduti ad aziende private per incarichi di lotta aerea antincendio. Alcuni di questi vennero ricondizionati ed equipaggiati con nuovi motori turboelica:

• Canada - Conair Group Inc. - ha operato con la versione TS-2A/Conair Firecat (G-89). - Saskatchewan Environment - ha operato con la versione TS-2A/Conair Firecat (G-89).
• Francia - Sécurité Civile - ha operato con la versione US-2A/Conair Turbo Firecat (G-89).
• Paesi Bassi - KLM - Royal Dutch Airlines - ha operato con Tracker S-2( G-89/G-121/S2F) ex Koninklijke Marine, utilizzati dalla KLM per addestrare i suoi meccanici.
• Stati Uniti - California Department of Forestry & Fire Protection - ha operato con la versione Tracker S-2 F3AT Turbo (G-121) - Hemet Valley Flying Service
• ha operato con la versione Tracker (TS-2A FF) (G-89) - Marsh Aviation
• ha operato con la versione Tracker S-2A (FF) (G-89) - Sis-Q Flying Service
• ha operato con la versione Tracker TS-2A (G-89/S2F-1T) - Aero Union - oltre ad agire come operatore, nel 1973 l'Aero Union ha sviluppato il prototipo S-2 in versione cisterna per lo stato della California.

ENGLISH

The Grumman S-2 Tracker (S2F prior to 1962) was the first purpose-built, single airframe anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft to enter service with the United States Navy. Designed and initially built by Grumman, the Tracker was of conventional design — propeller-driven with twin radial engines, a high wing that could be folded for storage on aircraft carriers, and tricycle undercarriage. The type was exported to a number of navies around the world. Introduced in 1952, the Tracker and its E-1 Tracer derivative saw service in the U.S. Navy until the mid-1970s, and its C-1 Trader derivative until the mid-1980s, with a few aircraft remaining in service with other air arms into the 21st century. Argentina and Brazil are the last countries to still use the Tracker.

Design and development

The Tracker was intended as a replacement for the Grumman AF Guardian, which was the first purpose-built aircraft system for ASW, using two airframes for two versions, one with the detection gear, and the other with the weapon systems. The Tracker combined both functions in one aircraft. Grumman's design (model G-89) was for a large high-wing monoplane with twin Wright Cyclone R-1820 nine cylinder radial engines, a yoke type arrestor hook and a crew of four. Both the two prototypes XS2F-1 and 15 production aircraft, S2F-1 were ordered at the same time, on 30 June 1950. The first flight was conducted on 4 December 1952, and production aircraft entered service with VS-26, in February 1954.

Follow-on versions included the WF Tracer and TF Trader, which became the Grumman E-1 Tracer and Grumman C-1 Trader in the tri-service designation standardization of 1962. The S-2 carried the nickname "Stoof" (S-two-F) throughout its military career; and the E-1 Tracer variant with the large overhead radome was colloquially called the "stoof with a roof.".

Grumman produced 1,185 Trackers. At least 99 and possibly 100 aircraft carrying the CS2F designation were manufactured in Canada under license by de Havilland Canada. U.S.-built versions of the Tracker were sold to various nations, including Australia, Japan, Turkey and Taiwan.

Sensors and armament

The Tracker had an internal torpedo bay capable of carrying two lightweight aerial torpedoes or one nuclear depth charge. There were six underwing hard points for rocket pods and conventional depth charges or up to four additional torpedoes. A ventrally-mounted retractable radome for AN/APS-38 radar and a Magnetic Anomaly Detector (MAD) AN/ASQ-8 mounted on an extendable rear mounted boom were also fitted. Early model Trackers had an Electronic Support Measures (ESM) pod mounted dorsally just aft of the front seat overhead hatches and were also fitted with a smoke particle detector or "sniffer" for detecting exhaust particles from diesel-electric submarines running on snorkel. Later S-2s had the sniffer removed and had the ESM antennae moved to four rounded extensions on the wingtips. A 70-million-candlepower searchlight was mounted on the starboard wing. The engine nacelles carried JEZEBEL sonobuoys in the rear (16 in early marks, 32 in the S-2E/G). Early Trackers also carried 60 explosive charges, dispensed ventrally from the rear of the fuselage and used to create sound pulses for semi-active sonar (JULIE) with the AN/AQA-3 and later AQA-4 detection sets, whereas the introduction of active sonobuoys (pingers) and AN/AQA-7 with the S-2G conversion saw these removed. Smoke dispensers were mounted on the port ventral surface of the nacelles in groups of three each.

Operational history

The Tracker was eventually superseded in U.S. military service by the Lockheed S-3 Viking; the last USN Tracker operational squadron (VS-37 with S-2G models) was disestablished in 1976. The last Navy S-2 was withdrawn from service on 29 August 1976. For many years the TS-2A version of the Tracker was used by U.S. Navy training units, culminating with its use by Training Squadron 27 (VT-27), Training Squadron 28 (VT-28) and Training Squadron 31 (VT-31) for Student Naval Aviator training in the multi-engine pipeline with Training Air Wing FOUR (TRAWING 4) at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas.

A number of Trackers live on as firefighting aircraft while the design also continued to provide excellent service with the naval forces of other countries for years after the U.S. retired them. For example, the Royal Australian Navy continued to use Trackers as front line ASW assets until the mid-1980s.

Argentina

Argentine Naval Aviation received seven S-2As in 1962, six S-2Es in 1978, and three S-2Gs in the 1990s. They were operated from both aircraft carriers, ARA Independencia and ARA Veinticinco de Mayo, and used in the COD (US-2A conversions), maritime patrol, and ASW roles. They were extensively used in the 1982 Falklands War, first from Veinticinco de Mayo, from where they detected the British task force, and then from the mainland when the carrier returned to port after the sinking of the cruiser ARA General Belgrano. In the 1990s, six remaining airframes were refurbished by Israel Aerospace Industries with turboprop engines as S-2T Turbo Trackers. As of 2010, with the retirement of Argentina's only aircraft carrier, the Trackers were annually deployed on board Brazilian Navy aircraft carrier São Paulo during joint exercises ARAEX and TEMPEREX. and with U.S. Navy aircraft carriers during Gringo-Gaucho maneuvers.

Australia

Between 1967 and 1984 the Royal Australian Navy operated two Squadrons of S-2E and S-2G variants, based at NAS Nowra (HMAS Albatross). These aircraft served with the RAN's 816 Squadron, which embarked aboard the Majestic-class aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne as part of the 21st Carrier Air Group whenever that ship was deployed; and with 851 Squadron, the S-2 training squadron.

Australia initially acquired 14 S-2Es. During approximately 17 years of operation of the Tracker, the RAN lost only one S-2 during aircraft operations due to an accident at sea on 10 February 1975. However, on 4 December 1976, a deliberately lit fire in a hangar at Nowra destroyed or badly damaged a large proportion of the RAN's complement of Trackers. Of the 14 original aircraft, one was away from Nowra undergoing maintenance at the time of the fire and three aircraft were damaged but only two of these were repaired. The destroyed aircraft were subsequently replaced with 16 ex-USN aircraft. The replacement aircraft were all S-2Gs, including the original aircraft modified by the USN to that status. This saw the introduction of AQA-7 acoustic gear into RAN service and all RAN operational Trackers were subsequently modified to this standard.

Brazil

The Brazilian Air Force flew Trackers from the aircraft carrier NAeL Minas Gerais. Both the S-2A and S-2E were used (respectively as P-16A and P-16E). At the end of its service in Brazilian Air Force, one S-2T Turbo Tracker was evaluated as a possible upgrade, but due high costs the program was canceled. However, in 2010 the Brazilian Navy contracted Marsh Aviation to convert four S-2Ts to Airborne Early Warning configuration and upgrade four additional Grumman C-1 Traders for tanking and carrier onboard delivery transport duties. The latter were scheduled to be back in service by 2015 and were expected to operate from the successor of Minas Gerais, NAe São Paulo. Following the bankruptcy of Marsh Aviation in 2009 the program suffered delays and the upgrade of the airframes was resumed in partnership with Elbit Systems's subsidiary, M7 Aerospace. The decommissioning of the São Paulo in 2017 means that the Brazilian Navy does not have an immediate need for carrier-based tankers, transports and AEW aircraft, however the navy proceeded with procurement and the delivery of four tanker aircraft are expected by 2021.

As noted under Argentina above, Trackers of that country have been flown from the São Paulo until its decommissioning in early 2017.

Canada

In 1954, de Havilland Canada entered into a contract to build Trackers under license to replace the outmoded Grumman TBM-3E Avengers being used by the Royal Canadian Navy. A total of 99 Trackers were built by de Havilland Canada, with the first Canadian-built aircraft flying on 31 May 1956. From 1957 onwards, these aircraft operated from the newly deployed aircraft carrier HMCS Bonaventure and various shore bases. All the Canadian Trackers were built to the earlier "A" model airframe design with a length of 42 feet (13 m) (c.f. 43 ft 6 in (13.26 m) for later model Trackers) in order to fit in Bonaventure's hangar. In 1960–1961, 17 CS2F-1 aircraft, which had been relegated to training and utility duties by the CS2F-2, were transferred to the Royal Netherlands Navy. From 1964, 45 CS2F-2s were upgraded by fitting revised electronic equipment and sensors, becoming CS2F-3s. Also in 1964, a pair of CS2F-1 aircraft were stripped of armament and ASW electronics, converted to transports, and subsequently used for carrier onboard delivery. The CS2F-1, -2, and -3 were redesignated as the CP-121 Mk.1, Mk. 2, and Mk. 3 respectively following the unification of Canadian forces in 1968.

After Bonaventure was decommissioned in 1970, all remaining Canadian Trackers were transferred to shore bases. This limited their usefulness for ASW patrols, and between 1974 and 1981 gradually all but 20 were placed in storage and the remainder were stripped of their ASW gear. The remaining active-duty Trackers served until 1990 on fisheries protection and maritime patrol duties. A handful of Trackers were kept in flying condition until the late 1990s but were no longer used for active service.

A single Grumman-built S2F-1 was sold to de Havilland Canada as a pattern and test aircraft; it was assigned RCN serial number 1500 and given X-500 wing markings. This aircraft may have been dismantled by DHC and reassembled as 1501 with the same wing markings, but some sources claim that 1500 was returned to the US Navy as BuNo 136519, and that 1501 was a new aircraft assembled by DHC from Grumman-provided parts, possibly with duplicate X-500 wing markings. 1501 was later upgraded to CS2F-1 standards and used as a stationary instructional airframe; it was placed in storage in 1972 and was undergoing restoration at the Shearwater Aviation Museum as of June 2015.

Japan

The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force received 60 S2F-1s in 1957 from U.S. stocks, and were operated until 1984. After being received, six S2F-1s were reconfigured into four S2F-U and two S2F-C variants. The S2F-1 was nicknamed Aotaka(あおたか, Blue Hawk). They were replaced by the Lockheed P-3 Orion.

Netherlands

The Netherlands Naval Aviation Service (Marineluchtvaartdienst - MLD), the air arm of the Royal Netherlands Navy, received 28 S-2A (S2F-1) aircraft under MDAP from the US Navy in 1960. An additional 17 Canadian-built CS-2A (CS2F-1) aircraft formerly operated by the Royal Canadian Navy were delivered between December 1960 and September 1961 after being overhauled by Fairey Canada. These aircraft were operated from Valkenburg Naval Air Base as well as from the light aircraft carrier Karel Doorman until a fire in 1968 took that ship out of Dutch service.

A total of 18 aircraft were converted to S-2N (for Netherlands) standard by Fairey Canada in 1968–1970 for ASW and MR use with 1 Sqn (at Hato International Airport), of which four were converted to US-2N trainer/transport standards in May 1971. Most of the de Havilland Canada-built CS-2As were scrapped by 1970 or used for ground instruction. The last Tracker in MLD service was withdrawn in January 1976, with some transferred to the Turkish Navy.

Peru

The Peruvian Navy operated with S-2E and S-2G from 1975 until 1989, they were assigned to Naval Aviation Squadron N°12 (Escuadron Aeronaval N°12). A total of 12 S-2Es were bought from the U.S. Navy in 1975 and 4 S-2G in 1983.

Taiwan

The Republic of China Air Force initially operated the S-2A in 1967. In 1976, they received S-2Es. The S-2As were later converted into target aircraft and later decommissioned in batches from 1979 to 1992. In 1986, several S-2Gs were purchased to make up for attrition. A modernization program began the same year, converting the remaining S-2E/G to a military S-2T configuration. The conversion involved the installation of two Garrett/Honeywell TPE-331-15AW turboprop engines, each rated at 1,227 kW (1,645 shp), with four-blade propellers This resulted in a payload increase of 500 kg. The upgrade also included new mission equipment of AN/AQS-92F digital sonobuoy processor, A/NARR-84 99-channel sonobuoy receiver, Litton AN/APS-504 radar, AN/ASQ-504 MAD and AN/AAS-40 FLIR.

The 27 S-2Ts upgraded were transferred to the ROCN Aviation Command on 1 July 1999. In 2013, the S-2s were transferred back into ROCAF service. On May 2017, all S-2Ts were withdrawn from active service.

Turkey

The Turkish Navy received a number of ex-U.S. Navy S-2E Trackers under the MAP program and operated them from the Cengiz Topel Naval Air Base starting in the 1960s. These were later supplemented by retired S-2A (or S-2N as called by the Dutch) airframes from Netherlands. Turkish Trackers were retired in 1994 after a series of accidents caused by the advanced age and fatigue of the airframes.

Uruguay

The Uruguayan Navy received the first three S-2A Trackers on 10 April 1965 at the Capitan Curbelo Navy Base. On 15 September 1982, one S-2G arrived. On 2 February 1983, another two S-2Gs arrived. By September 2004, the remaining Uruguayan Trackers were not in flight condition.

Civilian use

In the late 1980s and early 1990s Conair Aviation of Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada took possession of retired U.S. and Canadian Trackers and converted them into Firecats, with a fire retardant tank replacing the torpedo bay. The Firecats were made in two variants, a piston engine Firecat and a turboprop-powered Turbo Firecat.

In 1958, CAL FIRE, then CDF, contracted with a private air tanker service for the use of their converted World War II aircraft. By 1970 the department began to evaluate the use of former military Grumman S-2 aircraft. Over the next ten years CAL FIRE continued to build up its fleet of S-2A air tankers and in 1987, CAL FIRE began the process of converting their piston engines to turboprop. By 2005 all of CAL FIRE's airtanker fleet had been converted to S-2T air tankers.

Variants:

• XS2F-1 - Two prototype anti-submarine warfare aircraft powered by 1,450 hp R-1820-76WA engines.
• YS2F-1 - Designation of the first 15 production aircraft used for development, redesignated YS-2A in 1962.
• S2F-1 - Initial production variant with two 1,525 hp R-1820-82WA engines, re-designated S-2A in 1962, 740 built.
• S2F-1T - Trainer conversion of S2F-1, redesignated TS-2A in 1962.
• S2F-1U - Utility conversion of S2F-1, redesignated US-2A in 1962.
• S2F-1S - S2F-1 conversion with Julie/Jezebel detection equipment, redesignated S-2B in 1962. Survivors converted to US-2B after removal of ASW gear.
• S2F-1S1 - S2F-1S fitted with updated Julie/Jezebel equipment, redesignated S-2F in 1962.
• S2F-2 - As S2F-1 with asymmetrical (port-side) extension of bomb bay, slightly enlarged tail surfaces, 77 built, most redesignated S-2C in 1962.
• S2F-2P - Photo reconnaissance conversion of S2F-2, redesignated RS-2C in 1962.
• S2F-2U - Utility conversion of S2F-2/S-2C, redesignated US-2C in 1962. Some were used as target tugs.
• S2F-3 - Enlarged forward fuselage, enlarged tail surfaces, additional fuel capacity, and enlarged engine nacelles bays for 32 sonobuoys, redesignated S-2D in 1962, 100 built.
• S2F-3S - As S2F-3 but with Julie/Jezebel equipment, redesignated S-2E in 1962, 252 built.
• YS-2A - YS2F-1 redesignated in 1962.
• S-2A - S2F-1 redesignated in 1962.
• TS-2A - S2F-1T training version redesignated in 1962 and 207 conversion from S-2A.
• US-2A - S-2A converted as light transports/target tugs, 51 conversions.
• S-2B - S2F-1S redesignated in 1962.
• US-2B - Utility and target tug conversions of S-2A and S-2B; most S-2Bs were converted and 66 S-2As.
• S-2C - S2F-2 redesignated in 1962.
• RS-2C - S2F-2P photo-reconnaissance version redesignated in 1962.
• US-2C - S2F-2U utility version redesignated in 1962.
• S-2D - S2F-3 redesignated in 1962.
• YAS-2D/AS-2D - Proposed self-contained night attack aircraft to be developed under Operation Shed Light; none produced.
• ES-2D - Electronic trainer conversion of the S-2D.
• US-2S - Utility conversion of the S-2D.
• S-2E - S2F-3S redesignated in 1962.
• S-2F - S2F-1S1 redesignated in 1962.
• US-2F - Transport conversion of S-2F.
• S-2G - S-2E conversions with updated electronics (primarily AN/AQA-7 DIFAR sonobuoy processor and AN/ARR-75 sonobuoy receiver)
• CS2F-1 - Initial production run of anti-submarine warfare aircraft for Canada based on S2F-1. A total of 42 built by De Havilland Canada.
• CS2F-2 - Improved version of CS2F-1 with Litton Industries tactical navigation equipment. A total of 57 were built by De Havilland Canada.
• CS2F-3 - New designation given to 43 CS2F-2 aircraft upgraded with additional electronics.
• CP-121 - New designation given to all CS2F-1, -2, and -3 aircraft following unification of Canadian military in 1968.
• Military S-2T Turbo Tracker For Argentina - Upgraded S-2E with new engines and military equipment by IAI in the 1990s for the Argentine Navy. 6 upgraded.
• Military S-2T Turbo Tracker For Taiwan - Upgraded S-2E/S-2G with new engines and military equipment by Grumman from 1986 to 1992 for the ROC Air Force. 27 upgraded.
• S-2T Turbo Tracker.

Civil conversion:

• S-2AT - Civil firefighter conversion with turboprop engines.
• S-2ET - Marsh Aviation S-2F3AT Turbo Tracker
• Turboprop conversion, powered by two Garrett TPE331 engines; A total of 22 are operated by the CDF.
• Conair Firecat or Turbo Firecat
• Civil conversion as a single-seat firefighting aircraft.
• For the crew trainer/transport version based on the Tracker refer to Grumman C-1 Trader
• For the Airborne Early Warning version based on the Trader refer to Grumman E-1 Tracer.

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